/**
 * @file    Statement.h
 * @ingroup SQLiteCpp
 * @brief   A prepared SQLite Statement is a compiled SQL query ready to be executed, pointing to a row of result.
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012-2021 Sebastien Rombauts (sebastien.rombauts@gmail.com)
 *
 * Distributed under the MIT License (MIT) (See accompanying file LICENSE.txt
 * or copy at http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT)
 */
#pragma once

#include <SQLiteCpp/Exception.h>
#include <SQLiteCpp/Utils.h> // SQLITECPP_PURE_FUNC

#include <string>
#include <map>
#include <climits> // For INT_MAX

// Forward declarations to avoid inclusion of <sqlite3.h> in a header
struct sqlite3;
struct sqlite3_stmt;


namespace SQLite
{


// Forward declaration
class Database;
class Column;

extern const int OK; ///< SQLITE_OK

/**
 * @brief RAII encapsulation of a prepared SQLite Statement.
 *
 * A Statement is a compiled SQL query ready to be executed step by step
 * to provide results one row at a time.
 *
 * Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII) means that the Statement
 * is compiled in the constructor and finalized in the destructor, so that there is
 * no need to worry about memory management or the validity of the underlying SQLite Statement.
 *
 * Thread-safety: a Statement object shall not be shared by multiple threads, because :
 * 1) in the SQLite "Thread Safe" mode, "SQLite can be safely used by multiple threads
 *    provided that no single database connection is used simultaneously in two or more threads."
 * 2) the SQLite "Serialized" mode is not supported by SQLiteC++,
 *    because of the way it shares the underling SQLite precompiled statement
 *    in a custom shared pointer (See the inner class "Statement::Ptr").
 */
class Statement
{
    friend class Column; // For access to Statement::Ptr inner class

public:
    /**
     * @brief Compile and register the SQL query for the provided SQLite Database Connection
     *
     * @param[in] aDatabase the SQLite Database Connection
     * @param[in] apQuery   an UTF-8 encoded query string
     *
     * Exception is thrown in case of error, then the Statement object is NOT constructed.
     */
    Statement(Database& aDatabase, const char* apQuery);

    /**
     * @brief Compile and register the SQL query for the provided SQLite Database Connection
     *
     * @param[in] aDatabase the SQLite Database Connection
     * @param[in] aQuery    an UTF-8 encoded query string
     *
     * Exception is thrown in case of error, then the Statement object is NOT constructed.
     */
    Statement(Database &aDatabase, const std::string& aQuery) :
        Statement(aDatabase, aQuery.c_str())
    {}

    /**
     * @brief Move an SQLite statement.
     *
     * @param[in] aStatement    Statement to move
     */
    Statement(Statement&& aStatement) noexcept;

    // Statement is non-copyable
    Statement(const Statement&) = delete;
    Statement& operator=(const Statement&) = delete;

    /// Finalize and unregister the SQL query from the SQLite Database Connection.
    /// The finalization will be done by the destructor of the last shared pointer
    ~Statement() = default;

    /// Reset the statement to make it ready for a new execution. Throws an exception on error.
    void reset();

    /// Reset the statement. Returns the sqlite result code instead of throwing an exception on error.
    int tryReset() noexcept;

    /**
     * @brief Clears away all the bindings of a prepared statement.
     *
     *  Contrary to the intuition of many, reset() does not reset the bindings on a prepared statement.
     *  Use this routine to reset all parameters to NULL.
     */
    void clearBindings(); // throw(SQLite::Exception)

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    // Bind a value to a parameter of the SQL statement,
    // in the form "?" (unnamed), "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV".
    //
    // Can use the parameter index, starting from "1", to the higher NNN value,
    // or the complete parameter name "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV"
    // (prefixed with the corresponding sign "?", ":", "@" or "$")
    //
    // Note that for text and blob values, the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag is used,
    // which tell the sqlite library to make its own copy of the data before the bind() call returns.
    // This choice is done to prevent any common misuses, like passing a pointer to a
    // dynamic allocated and temporary variable (a std::string for instance).
    // This is under-optimized for static data (a static text define in code)
    // as well as for dynamic allocated buffer which could be transfer to sqlite
    // instead of being copied.
    // => if you know what you are doing, use bindNoCopy() instead of bind()

    SQLITECPP_PURE_FUNC
    int getIndex(const char * const apName);

    /**
     * @brief Bind an int value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const int           aValue);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 32bits unsigned int value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const unsigned      aValue);

#if (LONG_MAX == INT_MAX) // 4 bytes "long" type means the data model is ILP32 or LLP64 (Win64 Visual C++ and MinGW)
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 32bits long value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const long          aValue)
    {
        bind(aIndex, static_cast<int>(aValue));
    }
#else // 8 bytes "long" type means the data model is LP64 (Most Unix-like, Windows when using Cygwin; z/OS)
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 64bits long value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const long          aValue)
    {
        bind(aIndex, static_cast<long long>(aValue));
    }
#endif

    /**
     * @brief Bind a 64bits int value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const long long     aValue);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a double (64bits float) value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const double        aValue);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a string value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const std::string&  aValue);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a text value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const char*         apValue);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a binary blob value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex, const void*         apValue, const int aSize);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a string value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1).
     *
     * The string can contain null characters as it is binded using its size.
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const int aIndex, const std::string&    aValue);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a text value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * Main usage is with null-terminated literal text (aka in code static strings)
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const int aIndex, const char*           apValue);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a binary blob value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const int aIndex, const void*           apValue, const int aSize);
    /**
     * @brief Bind a NULL value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @see clearBindings() to set all bound parameters to NULL.
     */
    void bind(const int aIndex);

    /**
     * @brief Bind an int value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const int             aValue)
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 32bits unsigned int value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const unsigned        aValue)
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName), aValue);
    }

#if (LONG_MAX == INT_MAX) // 4 bytes "long" type means the data model is ILP32 or LLP64 (Win64 Visual C++ and MinGW)
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 32bits long value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const long           aValue)
    {
        bind(apName, static_cast<int>(aValue));
    }
#else // 8 bytes "long" type means the data model is LP64 (Most Unix-like, Windows when using Cygwin; z/OS)
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 64bits long value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const long           aValue)
    {
        bind(apName, static_cast<long long>(aValue));
    }
#endif
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 64bits int value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const long long       aValue)
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a double (64bits float) value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const double          aValue)
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a string value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const std::string&    aValue)
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a text value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const char*           apValue)
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName), apValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a binary blob value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const char* apName, const void*           apValue, const int aSize)
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName), apValue, aSize);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a string value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * The string can contain null characters as it is binded using its size.
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const char* apName, const std::string&  aValue)
    {
        bindNoCopy(getIndex(apName), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a text value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * Main usage is with null-terminated literal text (aka in code static strings)
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const char* apName, const char*         apValue)
    {
        bindNoCopy(getIndex(apName), apValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a binary blob value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const char* apName, const void*         apValue, const int aSize)
    {
        bindNoCopy(getIndex(apName), apValue, aSize);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a NULL value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @see clearBindings() to set all bound parameters to NULL.
     */
    void bind(const char* apName) // bind NULL value
    {
        bind(getIndex(apName));
    }


    /**
     * @brief Bind an int value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const int            aValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 32bits unsigned int value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const unsigned       aValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), aValue);
    }

#if (LONG_MAX == INT_MAX) // 4 bytes "long" type means the data model is ILP32 or LLP64 (Win64 Visual C++ and MinGW)
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 32bits long value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const long                  aValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), static_cast<int>(aValue));
    }
#else // 8 bytes "long" type means the data model is LP64 (Most Unix-like, Windows when using Cygwin; z/OS)
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 64bits long value to a parameter "?", "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const long                   aValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), static_cast<long long>(aValue));
    }
#endif
    /**
     * @brief Bind a 64bits int value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const long long      aValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a double (64bits float) value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const double         aValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a string value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const std::string&    aValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a text value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const char*           apValue)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), apValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a binary blob value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @note Uses the SQLITE_TRANSIENT flag, making a copy of the data, for SQLite internal use
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName, const void*           apValue, const int aSize)
    {
        bind(aName.c_str(), apValue, aSize);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a string value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * The string can contain null characters as it is binded using its size.
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const std::string& aName, const std::string& aValue)
    {
        bindNoCopy(aName.c_str(), aValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a text value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * Main usage is with null-terminated literal text (aka in code static strings)
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const std::string& aName, const char*        apValue)
    {
        bindNoCopy(aName.c_str(), apValue);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a binary blob value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @warning Uses the SQLITE_STATIC flag, avoiding a copy of the data. The string must remains unchanged while executing the statement.
     */
    void bindNoCopy(const std::string& aName, const void*        apValue, const int aSize)
    {
        bindNoCopy(aName.c_str(), apValue, aSize);
    }
    /**
     * @brief Bind a NULL value to a named parameter "?NNN", ":VVV", "@VVV" or "$VVV" in the SQL prepared statement (aIndex >= 1)
     *
     * @see clearBindings() to set all bound parameters to NULL.
     */
    void bind(const std::string& aName) // bind NULL value
    {
        bind(aName.c_str());
    }

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    /**
     * @brief Execute a step of the prepared query to fetch one row of results.
     *
     *  While true is returned, a row of results is available, and can be accessed
     * through the getColumn() method
     *
     * @see exec() execute a one-step prepared statement with no expected result
     * @see tryExecuteStep() try to execute a step of the prepared query to fetch one row of results, returning the sqlite result code.
     * @see Database::exec() is a shortcut to execute one or multiple statements without results
     *
     * @return - true  (SQLITE_ROW)  if there is another row ready : you can call getColumn(N) to get it
     *                               then you have to call executeStep() again to fetch more rows until the query is finished
     *         - false (SQLITE_DONE) if the query has finished executing : there is no (more) row of result
     *                               (case of a query with no result, or after N rows fetched successfully)
     *
     * @throw SQLite::Exception in case of error
     */
    bool executeStep();

    /**
     * @brief Try to execute a step of the prepared query to fetch one row of results, returning the sqlite result code.
     *
     *
     *
     * @see exec() execute a one-step prepared statement with no expected result
     * @see executeStep() execute a step of the prepared query to fetch one row of results
     * @see Database::exec() is a shortcut to execute one or multiple statements without results
     *
     * @return the sqlite result code.
     */
    int tryExecuteStep() noexcept;

    /**
     * @brief Execute a one-step query with no expected result, and return the number of changes.
     *
     *  This method is useful for any kind of statements other than the Data Query Language (DQL) "SELECT" :
     *  - Data Definition Language (DDL) statements "CREATE", "ALTER" and "DROP"
     *  - Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements "INSERT", "UPDATE" and "DELETE"
     *  - Data Control Language (DCL) statements "GRANT", "REVOKE", "COMMIT" and "ROLLBACK"
     *
     * It is similar to Database::exec(), but using a precompiled statement, it adds :
     * - the ability to bind() arguments to it (best way to insert data),
     * - reusing it allows for better performances (efficient for multiple insertion).
     *
     * @see executeStep() execute a step of the prepared query to fetch one row of results
     * @see tryExecuteStep() try to execute a step of the prepared query to fetch one row of results, returning the sqlite result code.
     * @see Database::exec() is a shortcut to execute one or multiple statements without results
     *
     * @return number of row modified by this SQL statement (INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE)
     *
     * @throw SQLite::Exception in case of error, or if row of results are returned while they are not expected!
     */
    int exec();

    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    /**
     * @brief Return a copy of the column data specified by its index
     *
     *  Can be used to access the data of the current row of result when applicable,
     * while the executeStep() method returns true.
     *
     *  Throw an exception if there is no row to return a Column from:
     * - if provided index is out of bound
     * - before any executeStep() call
     * - after the last executeStep() returned false
     * - after a reset() call
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified index is out of the [0, getColumnCount()) range.
     *
     * @param[in] aIndex    Index of the column, starting at 0
     *
     * @note    This method is not const, reflecting the fact that the returned Column object will
     *          share the ownership of the underlying sqlite3_stmt.
     *
     * @warning The resulting Column object must not be memorized "as-is".
     *          Is is only a wrapper around the current result row, so it is only valid
     *          while the row from the Statement remains valid, that is only until next executeStep() call.
     *          Thus, you should instead extract immediately its data (getInt(), getText()...)
     *          and use or copy this data for any later usage.
     */
    Column  getColumn(const int aIndex);

    /**
     * @brief Return a copy of the column data specified by its column name (less efficient than using an index)
     *
     *  Can be used to access the data of the current row of result when applicable,
     * while the executeStep() method returns true.
     *
     *  Throw an exception if there is no row to return a Column from :
     * - if provided name is not one of the aliased column names
     * - before any executeStep() call
     * - after the last executeStep() returned false
     * - after a reset() call
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified name is not an on of the aliased name of the columns in the result.
     *
     * @param[in] apName   Aliased name of the column, that is, the named specified in the query (not the original name)
     *
     * @note    Uses a map of column names to indexes, build on first call.
     *
     * @note    This method is not const, reflecting the fact that the returned Column object will
     *          share the ownership of the underlying sqlite3_stmt.
     *
     * @warning The resulting Column object must not be memorized "as-is".
     *          Is is only a wrapper around the current result row, so it is only valid
     *          while the row from the Statement remains valid, that is only until next executeStep() call.
     *          Thus, you should instead extract immediately its data (getInt(), getText()...)
     *          and use or copy this data for any later usage.
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified name is not one of the aliased name of the columns in the result.
     */
    Column  getColumn(const char* apName);

#if __cplusplus >= 201402L || (defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1900) // c++14: Visual Studio 2015
     /**
     * @brief Return an instance of T constructed from copies of the first N columns
     *
     *  Can be used to access the data of the current row of result when applicable,
     * while the executeStep() method returns true.
     *
     *  Throw an exception if there is no row to return a Column from:
     * - if provided column count is out of bound
     * - before any executeStep() call
     * - after the last executeStep() returned false
     * - after a reset() call
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified column count is out of the [0, getColumnCount()) range.
     *
     * @tparam  T   Object type to construct
     * @tparam  N   Number of columns
     *
     * @note Requires std=C++14
     */
    template<typename T, int N>
    T       getColumns();

private:
    /**
    * @brief Helper function used by getColumns<typename T, int N> to expand an integer_sequence used to generate
    *        the required Column objects
    */
    template<typename T, const int... Is>
    T       getColumns(const std::integer_sequence<int, Is...>);

public:
#endif

    /**
     * @brief Test if the column value is NULL
     *
     * @param[in] aIndex    Index of the column, starting at 0
     *
     * @return true if the column value is NULL
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified index is out of the [0, getColumnCount()) range.
     */
    bool    isColumnNull(const int aIndex) const;

    /**
     * @brief Test if the column value is NULL
     *
     * @param[in] apName    Aliased name of the column, that is, the named specified in the query (not the original name)
     *
     * @return true if the column value is NULL
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified name is not one of the aliased name of the columns in the result.
     */
    bool    isColumnNull(const char* apName) const;

    /**
     * @brief Return a pointer to the named assigned to the specified result column (potentially aliased)
     *
     * @param[in] aIndex    Index of the column in the range [0, getColumnCount()).
     *
     * @see getColumnOriginName() to get original column name (not aliased)
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified index is out of the [0, getColumnCount()) range.
     */
    const char* getColumnName(const int aIndex) const;

#ifdef SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA
    /**
     * @brief Return a pointer to the table column name that is the origin of the specified result column
     *
     *  Require definition of the SQLITE_ENABLE_COLUMN_METADATA preprocessor macro :
     * - when building the SQLite library itself (which is the case for the Debian libsqlite3 binary for instance),
     * - and also when compiling this wrapper.
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified index is out of the [0, getColumnCount()) range.
     */
    const char* getColumnOriginName(const int aIndex) const;
#endif

    /**
     * @brief Return the index of the specified (potentially aliased) column name
     *
     * @param[in] apName    Aliased name of the column, that is, the named specified in the query (not the original name)
     *
     * @note Uses a map of column names to indexes, build on first call.
     *
     *  Throw an exception if the specified name is not known.
     */
    int getColumnIndex(const char* apName) const;


    /**
     * @brief Return the declared type of the specified result column for a SELECT statement.
     *
     *  This is the type given at creation of the column and not the actual data type.
     *  SQLite stores data types dynamically for each value and not per column.
     *
     * @param[in] aIndex    Index of the column in the range [0, getColumnCount()).
     * 
     *  Throw an exception if the type can't be determined because:
     *  - the specified index is out of the [0, getColumnCount()) range
     *  - the statement is not a SELECT query
     *  - the column at aIndex is not a table column but an expression or subquery
     */
    const char * getColumnDeclaredType(const int aIndex) const;


    /// Get number of rows modified by last INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement (not DROP table).
    int getChanges() const noexcept;


    ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

    /// Return the UTF-8 SQL Query.
    const std::string& getQuery() const
    {
        return mQuery;
    }

    // Return a UTF-8 string containing the SQL text of prepared statement with bound parameters expanded.
    std::string getExpandedSQL();

    /// Return the number of columns in the result set returned by the prepared statement
    int getColumnCount() const
    {
        return mColumnCount;
    }
    /// true when a row has been fetched with executeStep()
    bool hasRow() const
    {
        return mbHasRow;
    }
    /// true when the last executeStep() had no more row to fetch
    bool isDone() const
    {
        return mbDone;
    }

    /// Return the number of bind parameters in the statement
    int getBindParameterCount() const noexcept;

    /// Return the numeric result code for the most recent failed API call (if any).
    int getErrorCode() const noexcept;
    /// Return the extended numeric result code for the most recent failed API call (if any).
    int getExtendedErrorCode() const noexcept;
    /// Return UTF-8 encoded English language explanation of the most recent failed API call (if any).
    const char* getErrorMsg() const noexcept;

private:
    /**
     * @brief Shared pointer to the sqlite3_stmt SQLite Statement Object.
     *
     * Manage the finalization of the sqlite3_stmt with a reference counter.
     *
     * This is a internal class, not part of the API (hence full documentation is in the cpp).
     */
    // TODO Convert this whole custom pointer to a C++11 std::shared_ptr with a custom deleter
    class Ptr
    {
    public:
        // Prepare the statement and initialize its reference counter
        Ptr(sqlite3* apSQLite, std::string& aQuery);
        // Copy constructor increments the ref counter
        Ptr(const Ptr& aPtr);

        // Move constructor
        Ptr(Ptr&& aPtr);

        // Decrement the ref counter and finalize the sqlite3_stmt when it reaches 0
        ~Ptr();

        /// Inline cast operator returning the pointer to SQLite Database Connection Handle
        operator sqlite3*() const
        {
            return mpSQLite;
        }

        /// Inline cast operator returning the pointer to SQLite Statement Object
        operator sqlite3_stmt*() const
        {
            return mpStmt;
        }

    private:
        /// @{ Unused/forbidden copy/assignment operator
        Ptr& operator=(const Ptr& aPtr);
        /// @}

    private:
        sqlite3*        mpSQLite;    //!< Pointer to SQLite Database Connection Handle
        sqlite3_stmt*   mpStmt;      //!< Pointer to SQLite Statement Object
        unsigned int*   mpRefCount;  //!< Pointer to the heap allocated reference counter of the sqlite3_stmt
                                     //!< (to share it with Column objects)
    };

private:
    /**
     * @brief Check if a return code equals SQLITE_OK, else throw a SQLite::Exception with the SQLite error message
     *
     * @param[in] aRet SQLite return code to test against the SQLITE_OK expected value
     */
    void check(const int aRet) const
    {
        if (SQLite::OK != aRet)
        {
            throw SQLite::Exception(mStmtPtr, aRet);
        }
    }

    /**
     * @brief Check if there is a row of result returned by executeStep(), else throw a SQLite::Exception.
     */
    void checkRow() const
    {
        if (false == mbHasRow)
        {
            throw SQLite::Exception("No row to get a column from. executeStep() was not called, or returned false.");
        }
    }

    /**
     * @brief Check if there is a Column index is in the range of columns in the result.
     */
    void checkIndex(const int aIndex) const
    {
        if ((aIndex < 0) || (aIndex >= mColumnCount))
        {
            throw SQLite::Exception("Column index out of range.");
        }
    }

private:
    /// Map of columns index by name (mutable so getColumnIndex can be const)
    typedef std::map<std::string, int> TColumnNames;

private:
    std::string             mQuery;         //!< UTF-8 SQL Query
    Ptr                     mStmtPtr;       //!< Shared Pointer to the prepared SQLite Statement Object
    int                     mColumnCount;   //!< Number of columns in the result of the prepared statement
    mutable TColumnNames    mColumnNames;   //!< Map of columns index by name (mutable so getColumnIndex can be const)
    bool                    mbHasRow;       //!< true when a row has been fetched with executeStep()
    bool                    mbDone;         //!< true when the last executeStep() had no more row to fetch
};


}  // namespace SQLite
