% SiSU 5.0

@title: SiSU - SiSU information Structuring Universe / Structured information, Serialized Units
 :subtitle: Description

@creator:
 :author: Amissah, Ralph

@date:
 :created: 2002-11-12
 :issued: 2002-11-12
 :available: 2002-11-12
 :published: 2007-08-30
 :modified: 2014-02-05

@rights:
 :copyright: Copyright (C) Ralph Amissah 2007
 :license: GPL 3 (part of SiSU documentation)

@classify:
 :topic_register: electronic documents;SiSU:document:description;sisu:document:description
 :subject: ebook, epublishing, electronic book, electronic publishing, electronic document, electronic citation, data structure, citation systems, search

:A~? @title @creator

:B~? SiSU an attempt to describe

1~ Description

2~ Outline

SiSU is a framework for document structuring, publishing (in multiple open standard formats) and search, comprising of: (a) a lightweight document structure and presentation markup syntax; and (b) an accompanying engine for generating standard document format outputs from documents prepared in sisu markup syntax, which is able to produce multiple standard outputs (including the population of sql databases) that (can) share a common numbering system for the citation of text within a document.

SiSU is developed under an open source, software libre license (GPLv3). Its use case for development is work with medium to large document sets and cope with evolving document formats/ representation technologies. Documents are prepared once, and generated as need be to update the technical presentation or add additional output formats. Various output formats (including search related output) share a common mechanism for cross-output-format citation.

SiSU both defines a markup syntax and provides an engine that produces open standards format outputs from documents prepared with SiSU markup. From a single lightly prepared document sisu custom builds several standard output formats which share a common (text object) numbering system for citation of content within a document (that also has implications for search). The sisu engine works with an abstraction of the document's structure and content from which it is possible to generate different forms of representation of the document. Significantly SiSU markup is more sparse than html and outputs which include HTML, EPUB, ODT (Open Document Format text), LaTeX, landscape and portrait PDF, all of which can be added to and updated. SiSU is also able to populate SQL type databases at an object level, which means that searches can be made with that degree of granularity.

Source document preparation and output generation is a two step process: (i) document source is prepared, that is, marked up in sisu markup syntax and (ii) the desired output subsequently generated by running the sisu engine against document source. Output representations if updated (in the sisu engine) can be generated by re-running the engine against the prepared source. Using SiSU markup applied to a document, SiSU custom builds (to take advantage of the strengths of different ways of representing documents) various standard open output formats including plain text, HTML, XHTML, XML, EPUB, ODT, LaTeX or PDF files, and populate an SQL database with objects~{ objects include: headings, paragraphs, verse, tables, images, but not footnotes/endnotes which are numbered separately and tied to the object from which they are referenced. }~ (equating generally to paragraph-sized chunks) so searches may be performed and matches returned with that degree of granularity ( e.g. your search criteria is met by these documents and at these locations within each document). Document output formats share a common object numbering system for locating content. This is particularly suitable for "published" works (finalized texts as opposed to works that are frequently changed or updated) for which it provides a fixed means of reference of content.

In preparing a SiSU document you optionally provide semantic information related to the document in a document header, and in marking up the substantive text provide information on the structure of the document, primarily indicating heading levels and footnotes. You also provide information on basic text attributes where used. The rest is automatic, sisu from this information custom builds~{ i.e. the HTML, PDF, EPUB, ODT outputs are each built individually and optimised for that form of presentation, rather than for example the html being a saved version of the odf, or the pdf being a saved version of the html. }~ the different forms of output requested.

SiSU works with an abstraction of the document based on its structure which is comprised of its headings~{ the different heading levels }~ and objects~{ units of text, primarily paragraphs and headings, also any tables, poems, code-blocks }~, which enables SiSU to represent the document in many different ways, and to take advantage of the strengths of different ways of presenting documents. The objects are numbered, and these numbers can be used to provide a common basis for citing material within a document across the different output format types. This is significant as page numbers are not well suited to the digital age, in web publishing, changing a browser's default font or using a different browser can mean that text will appear on a different page; and publishing in different formats, html, landscape and portrait pdf etc. again page numbers are not useful to cite text. Dealing with documents at an object level together with object numbering also has implications for search that SiSU is able to take advantage of.

One of the challenges of maintaining documents is to keep them in a format that allows use of them independently of proprietary platforms. Consider issues related to dealing with legacy proprietary formats today and what guarantee you have that old proprietary formats will remain (or can be read without proprietary software/equipment) in 15 years time, or the way the way in which html has evolved over its relatively short span of existence. SiSU provides the flexibility of producing documents in multiple non-proprietary open formats including HTML, EPUB,~{ An open standard format for e-books }~ ODT,~{ Open Document Format (ODF) text }~ PDF~{ Specification submitted by Adobe to ISO to become a full open ISO specification \\ http://www.linux-watch.com/news/NS7542722606.html }~ ODF,~{ ISO standard ISO/IEC 26300:2006 }~. Whilst SiSU relies on software, the markup is uncomplicated and minimalistic which guarantees that future engines can be written to run against it. It is also easily converted to other formats, which means documents prepared in SiSU can be migrated to other document formats. Further security is provided by the fact that the software itself, SiSU is available under GPLv3 a licence that guarantees that the source code will always be open, and free as in libre, which means that that code base can be used, updated and further developed as required under the terms of its license. Another challenge is to keep up with a moving target. SiSU permits new forms of output to be added as they become important, (Open Document Format text was added in 2006 when it became an ISO standard for office applications and the archival of documents), EPUB was introduced in 2009; and allows the technical representations existing output to be updated (HTML has evolved and the related module has been updated repeatedly over the years, presumably when the World Wide Web Consortium (w3c) finalises HTML 5 which is currently under development, the HTML module will again be updated allowing all existing documents to be regenerated as HTML 5).

SiSU also provides other features such as concordance files and document content certificates, and the working against an abstraction of document structure has further possibilities for the research and development of other document representations, the availability of objects is useful for example for topic maps and thesauri, together with the flexibility of SiSU offers great possibilities.

SiSU is primarily for published works, which can take advantage of the citation system to reliably reference its documents. SiSU works well in a complementary manner with such collaborative technologies as Wikis, which can take advantage of and be used to discuss the substance of content prepared in SiSU.

% SiSU is a way of preparing, publishing, managing and searching documents.

SiSU is a flexible document preparation, generation publishing and search system.~{ This information was first placed on the web 12 November 2002; with predating material taken from http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/lm.information/toc.html part of a site started and developed since 1993. See document metadata section http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/SiSU/metadata.html or manifest page http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/SiSU/sisu_manifest.html for information on this version. Dates related to the development of SiSU may be tracked in the http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/SiSU/changelog.html or the Git repository http://git.sisudoc.org/gitweb/?p=code/sisu.git;a=summary some of the more significant events may be contained within the Chronology section of this document http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/sisu_chronology }~

SiSU ("SiSU information Structuring Universe" or "Structured information, Serialized Units"),~{ also chosen for the meaning of the Finnish term "sisu". }~ is a Unix command line oriented framework for document structuring, publishing and search. Featuring minimalistic markup, multiple standard outputs, a common citation system, and granular search.

Using markup applied to a document, SiSU can produce plain text, HTML, XHTML, XML, OpenDocument, EPUB, LaTeX or PDF files, and populate an SQL database with objects~{ objects include: headings, paragraphs, verse, tables, images, but not footnotes/endnotes which are numbered separately and tied to the object from which they are referenced. }~ (equating generally to paragraph-sized chunks) so searches may be performed and matches returned with that degree of granularity (e.g. your search criteria is met by these documents and at these locations within each document). Document output formats share a common object numbering system for locating content. This is particularly suitable for "published" works (finalized texts as opposed to works that are frequently changed or updated) for which it provides a fixed means of reference of content.

SiSU is the data/information structuring and transforming tool, that has resulted from work on one of the oldest law web projects. It makes possible the one time, simple human readable markup of documents, that SiSU can then publish in various forms, suitable for paper~{ PDF via LaTeX }~, web~{ currently HTML (two forms of HTML presentation one based on css the other on tables), and /PHP/; potentially structured XML }~ and relational database~{ any SQL - currently PostgreSQL and SQLite (for portability, testing and development) }~ presentations, retaining common data-structure and meta-information across the output/presentation formats. Several requirements of legal and scholarly publication on the web have been addressed, including the age old need to be able to reliably cite/pinpoint text within a document, to easily make footnotes/endnotes, to allow for semantic document meta-tagging, and to keep required markup to a minimum. These and other features of interest are listed and described below. A few points are worth making early (and will be repeated a number of times):

_1 (i) The SiSU document generator was the first to place material on the web with a system that makes possible citation across different document types, with paragraph, or rather object citation numbering~{ previously called "text object numbering" }~ a text positioning system, available for the pinpointing of text, 1997, a simple idea from which much benefit, and SiSU remains today, to the best of my knowledge, the only multiple format e-book/ electronic-document system on the web that gives you this possibility (including for relational databases).

_1 (ii) Markup is done once for the multiple formats produced.

_1 (iii) Markup is simple, and human readable (with a little practice), in almost all cases there is less and simpler markup required than basic HTML. In any event the markup required is very much simpler than the HTML, EPUB, LaTeX, [lout], structured XML, ODT (Open Document Format text), PostgreSQL or SQLite feed etc. that you can have SiSU generate for you.

_1 (iv) SiSU is a batch processor, dealing with as many files as you need to generate at a time.

_1 (v) Scalability is dependent on your file system, the database (currently PostgreSQL and/or SQLite) and your hardware.

SiSU Sabaki~{ SiSU Sabaki, release version. Pre-release version SiSU Scribe, and version prior to that SiSU nicknamed Scribbler. Pre-release versions go back several years. Both Scribbler and Scribe (still maintained) made system calls to SiSU's various parts, instead of using libraries. }~ (or just SiSU) is the provisional name given to the software described here that helps structure documents for web and other publication. The name SiSU is a loose anagram for something along the lines of *{/{"SiSU is structuring unit"}/}*, or /{"SiSU, information structuring unit"}/ or the more descriptive /{"Structured information, Serialized Units"}/ or *{/{"simple - information structuring unit"}/}* or the more descriptive /{"Structured information, Serialized Units"}/ or what it may be directed towards /{"*semantic* and *{information structuring universe}*"}/,~{ A little universe it may be, but semantic you may have a hard time getting away with, given the meaning the word has taken on with markup. On a document wide basis semantic information may be provided, which can be really useful, (and meaningful, especially) if you have a large document set, and use this with rss feeds or in an sql database etc. On a markup level, I have little inclination to add semantic markup formally beyond references, title, author [Dublin Core entities? addresses?] etc. Actually this deserves a bit of thought possibly use letter tags (including letter alias/synonyms for font faces) to create a small set of default semantic tags, with the possibility for per document adjustments. Will seek to permit XML entity tagging, within SiSU markup and have that ignored/removed by the parts of the program that have no use for it. }~ tongue in cheek, only just. Guess I'll get away with *{/{"Simple - information Structuring Universe"}/}*. SiSU is also a Finnish word roughly meaning guts, inner strength and perseverance.~{ "Sisu refers not to the courage of optimism, but to a concept of life that says, 'I may not win, but I will gladly give my life for what I believe.'" Aini Rajanen, Of Finnish Ways, 1981, p. 10. \\ http://www.humanlanguages.com/finnishenglish/rlfs.htm \\ "Every Finn has his own pet definition. To me, sisu means patience without passion. But there are many varieties of sisu. Sisu can be a sudden outburst or it can be the kind that lasts. A man can have both kinds. It is outside reason. It is something in the soul. It comes from oneself. For instance, it makes a soldier do things because he himself must, not because he has been told." Paavo Nurmi \\ http://personalweb.smcvt.edu/tmatikainen/finnishtraditions.htm }~

SiSU was born of the need to find a way, with minimal effort, and for as wide a range of document types as possible, to produce high quality publishing output in a variety of document formats. As such it was necessary to find a simple document representation that would work across a large number of document types, and the most convenient way(s) to produce acceptable output formats. The project leading to this program was started in 1993 (together with the trade law project now known as Lex Mercatoria) as an investigation of how to effectively/efficiently place documents on the web. The unified document handling, together with features such as paragraph numbering, endnote handling and tables... appeared in 1996/97. SiSU was originally written in Perl,~{ http://www.perl.org/ }~ and converted to Ruby,~{ http://www.ruby-lang.org/en/ }~ in 2000, one of the most impressive programming languages in existence! In its current form it has been written to run on the Gnu/Linux platform, and in particular on Debian,~{ http://www.debian.org/ }~ taking advantage of many of the wonderful projects that are available there.

SiSU markup is based on requiring the minimum markup needed to determine the structure of a document. (This can be as little as saying in a header to look for the word Book at a specified level and the word Chapter at another level). SiSU then breaks a document into its smallest parts (at a heading, and paragraph level) while retaining all structural information. This break up of the document and information on its structure is taken advantage of in the transformations made in generating the very different output types that can be created, and in providing as much as can be for what each output type is best at doing, e.g. LaTeX (professional document typesetting, easy conversion to PDF or Postscript), EPUB, XML (in this case, structural representation), ODF (Open Document Format text), SQL (e.g. document search; representing constituent parts of documents based on their structure, headings, chapters, paragraphs as required; user control).~{ where explicit structure is provided through the use of tagging headings, it could be reduced (still) further, for example by reducing the number of characters used to identify heading levels; but in many cases even that information is not required as regular expressions can be used to extract the implicit structure. }~

From markup that is simpler and more sparse than HTML you get:

_* far greater output possibilities, including HTML, EPUB, XML, ODF (Open Document Format text), LaTeX (PDF), and SQL;

_* the advantages implicit in the very different output possibilities;

_* a common citation system (for all outputs - including the relational database, search results are relevant for all outputs);

For more see the short summary of features provided below.

SiSU processes files with minimal tagging to produce various document outputs including HTML, EPUB, ODF, LaTeX (which is converted to PDF) and if required loads the structured information into an SQL database (PostgreSQL and SQLite have been used for this). SiSU produces an intermediate processing format.~{ This proved to be the easiest way to develop syntax, changes could be made, or alternatives provided for the markup syntax whilst the intermediate markup syntax was largely held constant. There is actually an optional second intermediate markup format in YAML http://www.yaml.org/ }~

SiSU was originally used in constructing Lex Mercatoria http://lexmercatoria.org/ or http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/ (one of the oldest law web sites), and considerable thought went into producing output that would be suitable for legal and academic writings (that do not have formulae) given the limitations of HTML, and publication in a wide variety of "formats", in particular in relation to the convenient and accurate citation of text. However, the construction of Lex Mercatoria uses only a fraction of the features available from SiSU today, /vis/ generation of flat file structures, rather than in addition the building of ("granular") SQL database content, (at an object level with relevant relational tables, and other outputs also available).

2~ Short summary of features *~summary

!_ (i)
markup syntax: (a) simpler than html, (b) mnemonic, influenced by mail/messaging/wiki markup practices, (c) human readable, and easily writable,

!_ (ii)
(a) minimal markup requirement, (b) single file marked up for multiple outputs,

notes:

* documents are prepared in a single UTF-8 file using a minimalistic mnemonic syntax. Typical literature, documents like "War and Peace" require almost no markup, and most of the headers are optional.

* markup is easily readable/parsed by the human eye, (basic markup is simpler and more sparse than the most basic html), [this may also be converted to XML representations of the same input/source document].

* markup defines document structure (this may be done once in a header pattern-match description, or for heading levels individually); basic text attributes (bold, italics, underscore, strike-through etc.) as required; and semantic information related to the document (header information, extended beyond the Dublin core and easily further extended as required); the headers may also contain processing instructions.

!_ (iii)
(a) multiple outputs primarily industry established and institutionally accepted open standard formats, include amongst others: plaintext (UTF-8); html; EPUB; (structured) XML; ODF (Open Document text)l; LaTeX; PDF (via LaTeX); SQL type databases (currently PostgreSQL and SQLite). Also produces: concordance files; document content certificates (md5 or sha256 digests of headings, paragraphs, images etc.) and html manifests (and sitemaps of content). (b) takes advantage of the strengths implicit in these very different output types, (e.g. PDFs produced using typesetting of LaTeX, databases populated with documents at an individual object/paragraph level, making possible granular search (and related possibilities))

!_ (iv)
outputs share a common numbering system (dubbed "object citation numbering" (ocn)) that is meaningful (to man and machine) across various digital outputs whether paper, screen, or database oriented, (PDF, html, EPUB, XML, Opendocument, SQLite, PostgreSQL), this numbering system can be used to reference content.

!_ (v)
SQL databases are populated at an object level (roughly headings, paragraphs, verse, tables) and become searchable with that degree of granularity, the output information provides the object/paragraph numbers which are relevant across all generated outputs; it is also possible to look at just the matching paragraphs of the documents in the database; [output indexing also work well with search indexing tools like hyperesteier].

!_ (vi)
use of semantic meta-tags in headers permit the addition of semantic information on documents, (the available fields are easily extended)

!_ (vii)
creates organised directory/file structure for (file-system) output, easily mapped with its clearly defined structure, with all text objects numbered, you know in advance where in each document output type, a bit of text will be found (e.g. from an SQL search, you know where to go to find the prepared html output or PDF etc.)... there is more; easy directory management and document associations, the document preparation (sub-)directory may be used to determine output (sub-)directory, the skin used, and the SQL database used,

!_ (viii)
"Concordance file" wordmap, consisting of all the words in a document and their (text/ object) locations within the text, (and the possibility of adding vocabularies),

!_ (ix)
document content certification and comparison considerations: the document and each object within it stamped with an md5 hash making it possible to easily check or guarantee that the substantive content of a document is unchanged.

!_ (x)
SiSU's minimalist markup makes for meaningful "diffing" of the substantive content of markup-files,

!_ (xi)
easily skinnable, document appearance on a project/site wide, directory wide, or document instance level easily controlled/changed,

!_ (xii)
in many cases a regular expression may be used (once in the document header) to define all or part of a documents structure obviating or reducing the need to provide structural markup within the document,

!_ (xiii)
prepared files may be batch process, documents produced are static files so this needs to be done only once but may be repeated for various reasons as desired (updated content, addition of new output formats, updated technology document presentations/representations)

!_ (xiv)
possible to pre-process, which permits: the easy creation of standard form documents, and templates/term-sheets, or; building of composite documents (master documents) from other sisu marked up documents, or marked up parts, i.e. import documents or parts of text into a main document should this be desired

there is a considerable degree of future-proofing, output representations are "upgradeable", and new document formats may be added.

!_ (xv)
there is a considerable degree of future-proofing, output representations are "upgradeable", and new document formats may be added: (a) modular, (thanks in no small part to Ruby) another output format required, write another module.... (b) easy to update output formats (eg html, XHTML, EPUB, LaTeX/PDF produced can be updated in program and run against whole document set), (c) easy to add, modify, or have alternative syntax rules for input, should you need to,

!_ (xvi)
scalability, dependent on your file-system and on the relational database used (currently PostgreSQL and SQLite), and your hardware,

!_ (xvii)
only marked up files need be backed up, to secure the larger document set produced,

!_ (xviii)
document management,

!_ (xix)
Syntax highlighting for SiSU markup is available for a number of text editors.

!_ (xx)
remote operations: (a) run SiSU on a remote server, (having prepared sisu markup documents locally or on that server, i.e. this solution where sisu is installed on the remote server, would work whatever type of machine you chose to prepare your markup documents on), (b) generated document outputs may be posted by sisu to remote sites (using rsync/scp) (c)document source (plaintext utf-8) if shared on the net may be identified by its url and processed locally to produce the different document outputs.

!_ (xxi)
document source may be bundled together (automatically) with associated documents (multiple language versions or master document with inclusions) and images and sent as a zip file called a sisupod, if shared on the net these too may be processed locally to produce the desired document outputs, these may be downloaded, shared as email attachments, or processed by running sisu against them, either using a url or the filename.

!_ (xxii)
for basic document generation, the only software dependency is Ruby, and a few standard Unix tools (this covers plaintext, html, EPUB, XML, ODF, LaTeX). To use a database you of course need that, and to convert the LaTeX generated to PDF, a LaTeX processor like tetex or texlive.

as a developers tool it is flexible and extensible

SiSU was developed in relation to legal documents, and is strong across a wide variety of texts (law, literature...). SiSU handles images but is not suitable for formulae/ statistics, or for technical writing at this time.

SiSU has been developed and has been in use for several years. Requirements to cover a wide range of documents within its use domain have been explored.

Some modules are more mature than others, the most mature being html and LaTeX / pdf. PostgreSQL and search functions are useable and together with /ocn/ unique (to the best of my knowledge). The XML output document set is "well formed" but largely proof of concept.

2~ How it works

SiSU markup is fairly minimalistic, it consists of: a (largely optional) document header, made up of information about the document (such as when it was published, who authored it, and granting what rights) and any processing instructions; and markup within text which is related to document structure and typeface. SiSU must be able to discern the structure of a document, (text headings and their levels in relation to each other), either from information provided in the instruction header or from markup within the text (or from a combination of both). Processing is done against an abstraction of the document comprising of information on the document's structure and its objects,~{ objects include: headings, paragraphs, verse, tables, images, but not footnotes/endnotes which are numbered separately and tied to the object from which they are referenced. }~ which the program serializes (providing the object numbers) and which are assigned hash sum values based on their content. This abstraction of information about document structure, objects, (and hash sums), provides considerable flexibility in representing documents different ways and for different purposes (e.g. search, document layout, publishing, content certification, concordance etc.), and makes it possible to take advantage of some of the strengths of established ways of representing documents, (or indeed to create new ones).

2~ Simple markup

SiSU markup is based on requiring the minimum markup needed to determine the structure of a document. (This can be as little as saying in a header to look for the word Book at a specified level and the word Chapter at another level). SiSU then breaks a document into its smallest parts (at a heading, and paragraph level) while retaining all structural information. This break up of the document and information on its structure is taken advantage of in the transformations made in generating the very different output types that can be created, and in providing as much as can be for what each output type is best at doing, e.g. LaTeX (professional document typesetting, easy conversion to pdf or Postscript), EPUB, XML (in this case, structural representation), ODF (OpenDocument), SQL (e.g. document search; representing constituent parts of documents based on their structure, headings, chapters, paragraphs as required; user control).~{ where explicit structure is provided through the use of tagging headings, it could be reduced (still) further, for example by reducing the number of characters used to identify heading levels; but in many cases even that information is not required as regular expressions can be used to extract the implicit structure. }~

3~ Sparse markup requirement, try to get the most out of markup

One of its strengths is that very small amounts of initial tagging is required for the program to generate its output.

This is a basic markup example:

_* { basic markup example, text file - an international convention }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980.sst ~{ http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980.sst output provided as example in the next section }~

Emphasis has been on simplicity and minimalism in markup requirements. Design philosophy is to try keep the amount of markup required low, for whatever has been determined to be acceptable output.~{ seems there are several "smart ASCIIs" available, primarily for ascii to html conversion, that make this, and reasonable looking ascii their goal \\ http://webseitz.fluxent.com/wiki/SmartAscii \\ http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ \\ http://www.textism.com/tools/textile/ }~

SiSU's markup is more minimalistic and simpler than (the equivalent) html and for it, you get considerably more than just html, as this preparation gives you all available output formats, upon request.

3~ Single markup file provides multiple output formats

For each document, there is only one (input, minimalistically marked up) file from which all the available output types are generated.~{ These include richly laid out and linked html (table or css variants), /PHP/, LaTeX (from which pdf portrait and landscape documents are produced), texinfo (for info files etc.), and PostgreSQL and/or SQLite. And the opportunity to fairly easily build additional modules, such as XML. See the examples provided in this document. }~

Eg. the markup example:

_* {~^ original text file - an international convention }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980.sst

Produces the following output:

_* {~^ Manifest of output presentations generated }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/sisu_manifest.html

_* {~^ Segmented html version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/toc.html

_* {~^ Full length html document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/doc.html

_* {~^ EPUB version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/epub/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980.epub

_* {~^ pdf landscape version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/landscape.letter.pdf

_* {~^ pdf portrait version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/portrait.letter.pdf

_* {~^ odt open document format text version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/opendocument.odt

_* {~^ xml sax version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/sax.xml

_* {~^ xml dom version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/dom.xml

_* {~^ clean tex ascii version of document }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/plain.txt

_* {~^ Concordance }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/un_contracts_international_sale_of_goods_convention_1980/concordance.html

(and in addition to these: PostgreSQL, SQLite, texinfo and -{YAML}- ~{ discontinued for the time being }~ versions if desired)

3~ Syntax relatively easy to read and remember

Syntax is kept simple and mnemonic.~{ SiSU markup syntax, an incomplete summary: http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/sisu_markup/toc.html \\ Visual check of elementary font face modifiers: *bold* *{bold}* !{emphasis}! /{italics}/ _{underscore}_ -{strikethrough}- ^{superscript}^ ,{subscript}, }~

3~ Kept simple by having a limited publishing feature set, and features identified as most important, are available across several document types

To keep SiSU markup sparse and simple SiSU deliberately provides a limited publishing feature set, including: indent levels; bold; italics; superscript; subscript; simple tables; images; tables of contents and; endnotes. Which in most cases are available across the different output formats.

The publishing feature set may be expanded as required.

2~ Designed with usability in mind

Output is designed to be uniform, easy to read, navigate and cite.

2~ Code separate from content

Code~{ the program that generates the documents }~ is separated from content. This means that when changes are desired in the output presentation, the code that produces them, and not the marked up text data set (which could be thousands of documents) is modified. Separating code from content makes large scale changes to output appearance trivial, and permits the easy addition of new output modules.

2~ Object citation numbering, a text or object positioning / citation system - "paragraph" (or text object) numbering, that remains same and usable across all output formats by people and machine *~citation *~ocn

Object citation numbering is a simple object (text) positioning and cition system that is human relevant and machine useable, used by SiSU for all manner of presentations, and that is available for use in all text mappings. It is based on the automated sequential numbering of objects (roughly paragraphs, (headings, tables, verse) or other blocks of text or images etc.). The text positioning system (in which I claim copyright) is invaluable for publishing requiring the citing text across multiple output formats, and for the general mapping of text within a document:

_* in html, html not being easily citeable (change font size, or use a different browser and the page on which specific text appears has changed), and

_* across multiple formats being common to all output formats html/xml/pdf/sql output,

_* the results of an sql search can just be "live" citation references to the documents in which the text is found, {~^ much like an index (see image examples provided). }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/SiSU/1.html#search

I claim copyright on the system I use which is the most basic of all, numbering all text in headings and paragraphs sequentially (with tables and images being treated as a single paragraph) and only footnotes/endnotes not following this numbering, as their position in text is not strictly determined, (a change from footnotes to endnotes would change their numbering), footnotes instead "belong" to the paragraph from which they are referenced, and have sequential numbers of their own.

SiSU has a paragraph numbering system, that remains the same regardless of the output format. This provides an effective means of citation, pinpointing text accurately in all output formats, using the same reference. This is particularly useful where text has to be located across different output formats - for example once html is printed the number of pages and pages on which given text is found will vary depending on the browser, its settings the font size setting etc. Similarly SiSU produces pdf in different forms, eg. on the example site Lex Mercatoria as portrait and landscape documents - here too page numbering varies, but paragraph numbering is the same, /{vis a vis}/ all versions of the text (portrait and landscape pdf and the html versions of the text, and as stored (with "paragraphs" as records) to the PostgreSQL or SQLite database).

These numbers are placed in the text margins and are intended to be independent of and not to interfere with authors tagging. [The citation system (object citation numbering system, automated "paragraph numbering") which is automatically generated and is common and identical across all document formats] The paragraph numbering system is more accurately described as an (text) object numbering system, as headings are also numbered... all headings and paragraphs are numbered sequentially. Endnotes are automatically numbered independently and rather "belong" to the paragraph from which they are referenced, as an endnote does not (necessarily) form a part of a documents sequence, (they may be produced as either endnotes or footnotes (or both depending on what output you choose to look at - if you take the segmented html version document provided as an example, you will find that the endnotes are placed both at the end of each section, and in a separate section of their own called endnotes, and these are hyper-linked)). An attractive feature of providing citation numbering in this way is that it is independent of the document structure... it remains the same regardless of what is done about the document structure.

The rules have been kept very simple, unique incremental object citation numbers are assigned to headings, paragraphs, verse, tables and images. It is possible to manually override this feature on a per heading or comment basis though this should be used exceptionally, it may be of use where there a substantive text, and the addition of a minor comment by the publisher that should not be mapped as part of the text.

The object citation number markers contain additional numbering information with regard to the document structure, that can be used for alternative presentations, including such detail as the type of object (heading, paragraph, table, image, etc.), numbered sequentially.

An advantage is that the numbering remains the same regardless of document structure.

Text object ("paragraph") numbering is the same for all output versions of the same document, vis HTML, EPUB, PDF, PgSQL, etc.

In the relational database, as individual text objects of a document stored (and indexed) together with object numbers, and all versions of the document have the same numbering, the results of searches may be tailored just to provide the location of the search result in all available document formats.

/{ Note: there is a bug in the released behaviour of object citation numbering, (not certain when it was introduced) tables should be numbered, ie each table gets an ocn, required amongst other things for relational database. This will be corrected in a future release. Citation numbering of existing documents that contain tables will changed. }/

2~ Handling of Dublin Core meta-tags making use of the Resource Description Framework

SiSU is able to use meta tags based on the Dublin Core~{ http://dublincore.org/ }~ and Resource Description Framework~{ http://www.w3.org/RDF/ }~

This provides the means of providing semantic information about a document, both as computer processable meta-tags, and as human readable information that may be of value for classification purposes.

This information is provided both in html metatags, and (where available) under the section titled "Document Information - Metadata", near the end of a document, for example in the segmented html version of this text at: http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/SiSU/metadata.html

2~ Easy directory management

#1 Directory file association, skins and special image management, made simpler.~{ The previous way was directory associations for file output were set up in the configuration file. The present system is a more natural way to work requireing less configuration. }~

The last part of the name of the work directory in which markup is being done, or rather from where SiSU is run in order to generate document output, is used in determining the sub-directory name for output files, that is created in the document output directory. This provides a rather easy way to associate documents e.g. of a given subject, or by owner.

code{

/www/docs
    /intellectual_property
    /arbitration
    /contract_law

/www/docs
    /ralph
    /sisu

}code

all are placed in their own directories within the directory structure created. Similar rules are used in the creation of sql type databases (though they can be overridden).

There are a couple of further associations with these directories.

# If the working directory has within it a sub-directory called image_local, the images within that directory are used for references to images, that are not part of the default site build.

2~ Document Version Control Information

The possibility of citing an exact document version.

Permits the inclusion of document version control information to the document body and metatags.~{ from a version control system such as CVS }~ This provides a much more certain method of referring to the exact version of a particular document, (assuming that the document is from a trusted source, that will retain earlier versions of a document).~{ The version control system must be run, so the version number is obtained, prior to the SiSU document generation, and subsequent posting of the document. }~

This information (where available) is provided under the section of the document titled "Document Information - MetaData", near the end of a document, for example in the segmented html version of this text at: http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/SiSU/metadata.html

2~ Table of contents

SiSU produces a rudimentary a table of contents based on document headings.

2~ Auto-numbering of headings

Headings can be automatically numbered, (and automatically named for hyper-linking)

2~ Numbering and cross-hyperlinking of endnotes

SiSU can automatically number footnotes/endnotes. This is the default operation where no number is provided.

Footnotes/endnotes may also be manually numbered. Where a number, or numbers are provided for a footnote/endnote, this does not increment the automatic footnote/endnote number counter.

In the html output footnotes/endnotes are cross-hyper-linked (to their reference point and vice versa). In th pdf output footnotes are linked from their reference point only.

2~ "Skinnable"

SiSU is skinnable, on a site-wide, directory-wide and per document basis, so different looking versions of things may be produced with little difficulty. There is a default skin which may be modified, as the background site skin, and each working directory may have a skin associated with it, as may each individual document. The hierarchy of application is document, directory, then site... ie if a document skin exists it gets precedence.

Whilst it is skinnable, the default output styles are selected to work across the widest possible range of document types.

2~ Multiple Outputs

From markup that is simpler and more sparse than html you get:

_* far greater output possibilities, including multiple html types, XML (different structured types), LaTeX (pdf landscape, portrait), and SQL (PostgreSQL or SQLite or other);

_* the advantages implicit in these very different output possibilities;~{ e.g. LaTeX (professional document typesetting, easy conversion to pdf or Postscript), XML (in this case, structural representation), SQL (e.g. document set searches; representation of the constituent parts of documents based on their structure, headings, chapters, paragraphs as desired; control of use) }~

_* a common citation system

As many output formats/presentations as one cares to write modules for - several types of html (e.g. structure based on css, or structure based on tables); /{LaTeX/pdf}/ and /{Lout/pdf}/; PgSQL other databases easily added; yaml...

3~ html - several presentations: full length & segmented; css & table based

Most documents are produced in single and segmented html versions, described below:

!_ The Scroll (full length text presentations)

The full length of the text in a single scrollable document.~{ CISG http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.contracts.international.sale.of.goods.convention.1980/doc.html \\ The Unidroit Contract Principles http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/unidroit.contract.principles.1994/doc.html or \\ The Autonomous Contract http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/autonomous.contract.2000.amissah/doc.html }~ As a rule the files they are saved in are named: /doc/ or more precisely /{doc.html}/

For various reasons texts may only be provided in this form (such as this one which is short), though most are also provided as segmented texts.

"Scroll" is a reference to the historical scroll, a single long document/ parchment, and also no doubt to what you will have to do to get to the bottom of the text.~{ Scrolling is not however necessarily confined to full length documents as you will have to scroll to get to the bottom of any long segment (eg. chapter) of a segmented text. }~

!_ The Segmented Text

The text divided into segments (such as articles or chapters depending on the text)~{ CISG http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.contracts.international.sale.of.goods.convention.1980/toc.html \\ The Unidroit Principles http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/unidroit.contract.principles.1994/toc.html \\ The Autonomous Contract http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/autonomous.contract.2000.amissah/toc.html or \\ WTA 1994 http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/wta.1994 }~ As a rule the files they are saved in are named: /toc/ and /index/ or more precisely /{toc.html}/ and /{index.html}/

If you know exactly what you are looking for, loading a segment of text is faster (the segments being smaller). Occasionally longer documents such as the WTA 1994 http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/wta.1994/toc are only provided in segmented form.

!_ Cascading Style Sheet, and Table based html

SiSU outputs html, two current standard forms available are:

{ css based }http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/SiSU/toc.html

and

table based [largely discontinued]~{ formatting possibility still exists in code tree but maintenance has been largely discontinuted. }~

!_ The html is tested across several browsers

I like to remind you that there are other excellent browsers out there, many of which have long supported practical features like tabbing.

The html is tested across several browsers, including:

_* {~^ *Firefox* (Mozilla-Firefox) }http://www.mozilla.org/products/firefox/

_* {~^ Kazehakase }http://kazehakase.sourceforge.jp/

_* {~^ Konqueror }http://www.konqueror.org/

_* {~^ Mozilla }http://www.mozilla.org/

_* {~^ MS Internet Explorer }http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/default.asp

_* {~^ Netscape }http://home.netscape.com/comprod/mirror/client_download.html

_* {~^ Opera }http://www.opera.com/

Also lighter weight graphical browsers:

_* {~^ Dillo }http://www.dillo.org/

_* {~^ *Epiphany* }http://www.gnome.org/projects/epiphany/

_* {~^ *Galeon* }http://galeon.sourceforge.net/

And for console/text browsing:

_* {~^ *elinks* }http://elinks.or.cz/

_* {~^ *links2* }http://links.twibright.com/

_* {~^ *w3m* }http://w3m.sourceforge.net/

The html tables output is rendered more accurately across a wider variety set and older versions of browsers (than the html css output).

3~ EPUB

SiSU generates EPUB documents.

3~ XML

SiSU generates well formed XML, and multiple versions. An XML SAX version with a flat/shallow structure, and XML DOM version with a deeper (embedded) structure. There is also a released working xhtml module. Examples of SAX and DOM versions are provided within this document.

3~ ODT:ODF, Open Document Format - ISO/IEC 26300:2006

SiSU generates Open Document Output format.

3~ PDF - portrait and landscape, (through the generation of LaTeX output which is then transformed to pdf)

SiSU outputs LaTeX if required which is easily transformed to PDF.~{ LaTeX and pdf features introduced 18^th^ June 2001, Landscape and portrait pdfs introduced 7^th^ October 2001., Lout is a more recent addition 22^th^ April 2003 }~ PDF documents are generated on the site from the same source files and Ruby program that produce html. Landscape oriented pdf introduced, providing easier screen viewing, they are also (paper saving, being currently) formatted to have fewer pages than their portrait equivalents.

_* {~^ Adobe Reader }http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html

_* {~^ *Evince* }http://www.gnome.org/projects/evince/

_* {~^ xpdf }http://www.foolabs.com/xpdf/

3~ Search - loading/populating of relational database while retaining document structure information, object citation numbering and other features (currently PostgreSQL and/or SQLite)

SiSU (from the same markup input file) automatically feeds into PostgreSQL~{ http://www.postgresql.org/ \\ http://advocacy.postgresql.org/ \\ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgresql }~ and/or SQLite~{ http://www.hwaci.com/sw/sqlite/ \\ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sqlite }~ database (could be any other of the better relational databases)~{ Relational database features retaining document structure and citation introduced 15^th^ July 2002 }~ - together with all additional information related to document structure, and the alternative ways in which it is generated on the site retained. As regards scaling of the database, it is as scalable as the database (here Postgresql or SQLite) and hardware allow. I will prune the images later.

This is one of the more interesting output forms, as all the structural data for the documents are retained (though can be ignored by the user of the database should they so choose). All site texts/documents are (currently) streamed to four PgSQL database tables:

_1* one containing semantic (and other) headers, including, title, author, subject, (the Dublin Core...);

_1* another the substantive texts by individual "paragraph" (or object) - along with structural information, each paragraph being identifiable by its paragraph number (if it has one which almost all of them do), and the substantive text of each paragraph quite naturally being searchable (both in formatted and clean text versions for searching); and

_1* a third containing endnotes cross-referenced back to the paragraph from which they are referenced (both in formatted and clean text versions for searching).

_1* a fourth table with a one to one relation with the headers table contains full text versions of output, eg. pdf, html, xml, and ascii.

There is of course the possibility to add further structures.

At this level SiSU loads a relational database with documents broken in to their smallest logical structurally constituent parts, as text objects, with their object citation number and all other structural information needed to construct the structured document. Text is stored (at this text object level) with and without elementary markup tagging, the stripped version being so as to facilitate ease of searching.

Because the document structure of sites created is clearly defined, and the text object citation system is available for all forms of output, it is possible to search the sql database, and either read results from that database, or just as simply map the results to the html output, which has richer text markup.

The combination of the SiSU citation system with a relational database is pretty powerful, giving rise to several possibilities. As individual text objects of a document stored (and indexed) together with object numbers, and all versions of the document have the same numbering, complex searches can be tailored to return just the locations of the search results relevant for all available output formats, with live links to the precise locations in the database or in html/xml documents; or, the structural information provided makes it possible to search the full contents of the database and have headings in which search content appears, or to search only headings etc. (as the Dublin Core is incorporated it is easy to make use of that as well).

This is a larger scale project, (with little development on the front end largely ignored), though the "infrastructure" has been in place since 2002.

3~ Search - database frontend sample, utilising database and SiSU features, including object citation numbering (backend currently PostgreSQL) *~search

{~^ Sample search frontend }http://search.sisudoc.org
A small database and sample query front-end (search from) that makes use of the citation system, _{object citation numbering}_ to demonstrates functionality.~{ (which could be extended further with current back-end). As regards scaling of the database, it is as scalable as the database (here PostgreSQL) and hardware allow. }~

SiSU can provide information on which documents are matched and at what locations within each document the matches are found. These results are relevant across all outputs using object citation numbering, which includes html, EPUB, XML, LaTeX, PDF and indeed the SQL database. You can then refer to one of the other outputs or in the SQL database expand the text within the matched objects (paragraphs) in the documents matched.

(further work needs to be done on the sample search form, which is rudimentary and only passes simple booleans correctly at present to the SQL engine)

A few canned searches, showing object numbers. Search for:

{ English documents matching Linux OR Debian }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=Linux%2BOR%2BDebian&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=index

{ GPL OR Stallman }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=GPL%2BOR%2BStallman&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=index

{ invention OR innovation }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=invention%2BOR%2Binnovation&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=index

{ copyright in English language documents }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=copyright&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=index

Note that the searches done in this form are case sensitive.

Expand those same searches, showing the matching text in each document:

{ English documents matching Linux OR Debian }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=Linux%2BOR%2BDebian&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=text

{ GPL OR Stallman }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=GPL%2BOR%2BStallman&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=text

{ invention OR innovation }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=invention%2BOR%2Binnovation&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=text

{ copyright }http://search.sisudoc.org/cgi-bin/sisu_pgsql.cgi?s1=copyright&db=SiSUv2c_sisu&view=text

Note you may set results either for documents matched and object number locations within each matched document meeting the search criteria; or display the names of the documents matched along with the objects (paragraphs) that meet the search criteria.~{ of this feature when demonstrated to an IBM software innovations evaluator in 2004 he said to paraphrase: this could be of interest to us. We have large document management systems, you can search hundreds of thousands of documents and we can tell you which documents meet your search criteria, but there is no way we can tell you without opening each document where within each your matches are found. }~

!_ OCN index mode,
(object citation number) the numbers displayed are relevant (and may be used to reference the match) in any sisu generated rendition of the text~{ OCN are provided for HTML, XML, EPUB, pdf ... though currently omitted in plain-text and opendocument format output }~ the links provided are to the locations of matches within the html generated by SiSU.

!_ Paragraph mode,
you may alternatively display the text of each paragraph in which the match was made, again the object/paragraph numbers are relevant to any SiSU generated/published text.

Several options for output - select database to search, show results in index view (links to locations within text), show results with text, echo search in form, show what was searched, create and show a "canned url" for search, show available search fields. Also shows counters number of documents in which found and number of locations within documents where found. [could consider sorting by document with most occurrences of the search result].

Simple search, results with files in which search found, and text object (paragraph or endnote) where found within files.

3~ Other forms

There are other forms as well, YAML file, Ruby Marshal dumps, document pre-processing (processing of documents prior to the steps described here, to produce input suitable for the program) snap in a new module as required/desired, well formed XML, no problem.

2~ Concordance / Word Map or rudimentary index

Concordance /WordMaps:~{ Concordance/ WordMaps introduced 15^th^ August 2002 }~ SiSU produces a rudimentary index based on the words within the text, making use of paragraph numbers to identify text locations. This is generated in html and hyper-linked but identifies these words locations in the other document formats. Though it is possible to search using a search engine, this is a means for browsing an alphabetical list of words which may suggest other useful content.

% Concordance files may be built using a document vocabulary. The vocabulary to be used may be specified on a per document basis.

2~ Managed (document) directory, database, or site structure

SiSU builds the web site (or more generically provides a suitable directory structure) - placing various output texts in the hierarchy of the web-site (or db), which (for directories) is a sub-directory with the name of the text file.

2~ Batch processing

SiSU is a batch processing tool, handling and transforming multiple (or individual) documents (in many ways) with a single instruction.

2~ Integration to superior Gnu/Linux and Unix tools

As should have been noted by the above description of SiSU, it makes use of existing programs found on Gnu/Linux and Unix, amongst those already mentioned include the LaTeX to pdf converters and the database PostgreSQL or SQLite.

3~ Backup and version control

Unix provides many tools for version control. For documents Subversion, CVS and even the old RCS are useful for the per-document histories they provide.

For writing code superior (more recent) version control system exist. These can also be used for documents though they tend to take stamps of changes across the repository as a whole, rather than for each individual file that is tracked, (as CVS and RCS do). My personal preference is for distributed systems such as Git, Mercurial or Darcs, of which I use Git for both code and documents.

Several backup tools exist. At the base level I tend to use rdiff.

3~ Editor support

SiSU documents are prepared / marked up in utf-8 text _{you are free to use the text editor of your choice.}_

Syntax highlighting for a number of editors are provided. Amongst them Vim, Kwrite, Kate, Gedit and diakonos. These may be found with configuration instructions at http://www.sisudoc.org/sisu/sisu_syntax_highlighting/doc.html {~^ Vim }http://www.vim.org/ as of version 7 has built in sytax highlighting for SiSU.

2~ Modular design, need something new add a module

Need a new output format that does not already exist, write a new module.

Prefer a new input syntax, you could write a new syntax matching the existing design, though my personal preference is some uniformity in entry appearance. If necessary has been fairly easy to extend the design parameters. It is intended to incorporate some additional basic semantic tagging, (book, article, author etc.) However, keeping the requirements for input minimal, and relatively simple has been a design goal.

