# Working with JWK

In this document we describe how to work with JWK using `github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk`

* [Terminology](#terminology)
  * [JWK / Key](#jwk--key)
  * [JWK Set / Set](#jwk-set--set)
  * [Raw Key](#raw-key)
* [Parsing](#parsing)
  * [Parse a set](#parse-a-set)
  * [Parse a key](#parse-a-key)
  * [Parse a key or set in PEM format](#parse-a-key-or-a-set-in-pem-format)
  * [Parse a key from a file](#parse-a-key-from-a-file)
  * [Parse a key as a struct field](#parse-a-key-as-a-struct-field)
* [Construction](#construction)
  * [Using jwk.FromRaw()](#using-jwkfromraw)
* [Fetching JWK Sets](#fetching-jwk-sets)
  * [Parse a key from a remote resource](#parse-a-key-from-a-remote-resource)
  * [Auto-refreshing remote keys](#auto-refreshing-remote-keys)
  * [Using Whitelists](#using-whitelists)
* [Working with jwk.Key](#working-with-jwkkey)
  * [Working with key-specific methods](#working-with-key-specific-methods)
  * [Setting values to fields](#setting-values-to-fields)
  * [Converting a jwk.Key to a raw key](#converting-a-jwkkey-to-a-raw-key)

---

# Terminology

## JWK / Key

Used to describe a JWK key, possibly of type RSA, ECDSA, OKP, or Symmetric.

## JWK Set / Set

A "jwk" resource on the web can either contain a single JWK or an array of multiple JWKs.
The latter is called a JWK Set.

It is impossible to know what the resource contains beforehand, so functions like [`jwk.Parse()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Parse)
and [`jwk.ReadFile()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#ReadFile) returns a [`jwk.Set`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Set) by default.

## Raw Key

Used to describe the underlying raw key that a JWK represents. For example, an RSA JWK can
represent rsa.PrivateKey/rsa.PublicKey, ECDSA JWK can represent ecdsa.PrivateKey/ecdsa.PublicKey,
and so forth.

---

The table below shows the matrix of key types and their respective `jwk.Key` and "raw" types.
If given anything else, `jwk.FromRaw` will return an error.

|           | `jwk.Key` Type                               | Raw Key Type                              |
|-----------|----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------|
| RSA       | `jwk.RSAPublicKey` / `jwk.RSAPrivateKey`     | `*rsa.PublicKey` / `*rsa.PublicKey`       |
| ECDSA     | `jwk.ECDSAPublicKey` / `jwk.ECDSAPrivateKey` | `*ecdsa.PublicKey` / `*ecdsa.PublicKey`   |
| OKP       | `jwk.OKPPublicKey` / `jwk.OKPPrivateKey`     | `ed25519.PublicKey` / `ed25519.PublicKey` |
| Symmetric | `jwk.SymmetricKey`                           | []byte                                    |

# Parsing

## Parse a set

If you have a key set, or are unsure if the source is a set or a single key, you should use [`jwk.Parse()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Parse).

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_parse_jwks_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "encoding/json"
  "fmt"
  "os"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_parse_jwks() {
  const src = `{
    "keys": [
      {"kty":"EC",
       "crv":"P-256",
       "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
       "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
       "use":"enc",
       "kid":"1"},
      {"kty":"RSA",
       "n": "0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
       "e":"AQAB",
       "alg":"RS256",
       "kid":"2011-04-29"}
    ]
  }`

  set, err := jwk.Parse([]byte(src))
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to parse JWKS: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(set)
  // OUTPUT:
  // {"keys":[{"crv":"P-256","kid":"1","kty":"EC","use":"enc","x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4","y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM"},{"alg":"RS256","e":"AQAB","kid":"2011-04-29","kty":"RSA","n":"0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw"}]}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_parse_jwks_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_parse_jwks_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

## Parse a key

If you are sure that the source only contains a single key, you can use [`jwk.ParseKey()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#ParseKey).

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_parse_key_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "encoding/json"
  "fmt"
  "os"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_parse_key() {
  const src = `{
    "kty":"EC",
    "crv":"P-256",
    "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
    "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
    "use":"enc",
    "kid":"1"
  }`

  key, err := jwk.ParseKey([]byte(src))
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed parse key: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(key)
  // OUTPUT:
  // {"crv":"P-256","kid":"1","kty":"EC","use":"enc","x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4","y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM"}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_parse_key_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_parse_key_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

## Parse a key or a set in PEM format

Sometimes keys come in ASN.1 DER PEM format.  To parse these files, use the [`jwk.WithPEM()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#WithPEM) option.

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_parse_with_pem_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "fmt"
  "os"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/internal/json"
  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_parse_with_pem() {
  const src = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

c4wOvhbalcX0FqTM3mXCgMFRbibquhwdxbU=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`

  key, err := jwk.ParseKey([]byte(src), jwk.WithPEM(true))
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to parse key in PEM format: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(key)
  // OUTPUT:
  // {"e":"AQAB","kty":"RSA","n":" "}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_parse_with_pem_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_parse_with_pem_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

## Parse a key from a file

To parse keys stored in a file, [`jwk.ReadFile()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#ReadFile) can be used. 

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_readfile_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "encoding/json"
  "fmt"
  "os"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_readfile() {
  const src = `{
    "keys": [
      {"kty":"EC",
       "crv":"P-256",
       "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
       "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
       "use":"enc",
       "kid":"1"},
      {"kty":"RSA",
       "n": "0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
       "e":"AQAB",
       "alg":"RS256",
       "kid":"2011-04-29"}
    ]
  }`

  f, err := os.CreateTemp(``, `jwk_readfile-*.jwk`)
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to create temporary file: %s\n", err)
    return
  }
  defer os.Remove(f.Name())

  fmt.Fprintf(f, src)
  f.Close()

  key, err := jwk.ReadFile(f.Name())
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to parse key: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(key)

  // OUTPUT:
  // {"keys":[{"crv":"P-256","kid":"1","kty":"EC","use":"enc","x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4","y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM"},{"alg":"RS256","e":"AQAB","kid":"2011-04-29","kty":"RSA","n":"0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw"}]}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_readfile_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_readfile_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

`jwk.ReadFile()` accepts the same options as [`jwk.Parse()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Parse), therefore you can read a PEM-encoded file via the following incantation:

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_readfile_with_pem_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "fmt"
  "os"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/internal/json"
  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_readfile_with_pem() {
  const src = `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----

c4wOvhbalcX0FqTM3mXCgMFRbibquhwdxbU=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`

  f, err := os.CreateTemp(``, `jwk_readfile_with_pem-*.jwk`)
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to create temporary file: %s\n", err)
    return
  }
  defer os.Remove(f.Name())

  fmt.Fprintf(f, src)
  f.Close()

  key, err := jwk.ReadFile(f.Name(), jwk.WithPEM(true))
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to parse key in PEM format: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(key)
  // OUTPUT:
  // {"keys":[{"e":"AQAB","kty":"RSA","n":" "}]}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_readfile_with_pem_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_readfile_with_pem_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

## Parse a key as a struct field

As `jwk.Key` is an interface, it can't directly be used as an argument in `json.Unmarshal`.
For example, the following would fail:

```go
var key jwk.Key
json.Unmarshal(data, &key) // error
```

This poses a problem when you want to use `jwk.Key` as a struct field in another struct
that needs to handle `json.Unmarshal`. To overcome this, you can either define a custom
`UnmarshalJSON([]byte) error` for your container struct, or you can use a "proxy" struct
that will intercept the field holding the `jwk.Key`.

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_struct_field_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "encoding/json"
  "fmt"
  "os"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

type Container struct {
  Key jwk.Key `json:"key"`
}

// This is only one way to parse a struct field whose dynamic
// type is unknown at compile time. In this example we use
// a proxy/wrapper to trick `Container` from attempting to
// parse the `.Key` field, and intercept the value that
// would have gone into the `Container` struct into
// `Proxy` struct's `.Key` struct field
type Proxy struct {
  Container
  Key json.RawMessage `json:"key"`
}

func Example_jwk_struct_field() {
  const src = `{
    "key": {
      "kty":"EC",
      "crv":"P-256",
      "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
      "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
      "use":"enc",
      "kid":"1"
    }
  }`

  var p Proxy
  if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(src), &p); err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to unmarshal from JSON: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  // Parse the intercepted `Proxy.Key` as a `jwk.Key`
  // and assign it to `Container.Key`
  key, err := jwk.ParseKey(p.Key)
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to parse key: %s\n", err)
    return
  }
  p.Container.Key = key

  json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(p.Container)
  // OUTPUT:
  // {"key":{"crv":"P-256","kid":"1","kty":"EC","use":"enc","x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4","y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM"}}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_struct_field_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_struct_field_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

# Construction

## Using jwk.FromRaw()

Users can create a new key from scratch using [`jwk.FromRaw()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#FromRaw).

[`jwk.FromRaw()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#FromRaw) requires the raw key as its argument.
There are other ways to creating keys from a raw key, but they require knowing its type in advance.
Use [`jwk.FromRaw()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#FromRaw) when you have a key type which you do not know its underlying type in advance.

It automatically creates the appropriate underlying key based on the given argument type.

| Argument Type | Key Type | Note |
|---------------|----------|------|
| []byte        | Symmetric Key | |
| ecdsa.PrivateKey | ECDSA Private Key | Argument may also be a pointer |
| ecdsa.PubliKey | ECDSA Public Key | Argument may also be a pointer |
| rsa.PrivateKey | RSA Private Key | Argument may also be a pointer |
| rsa.PubliKey | RSA Public Key | Argument may also be a pointer |
| x25519.PrivateKey | OKP Private Key | |
| x25519.PubliKey | OKP Public Key | |

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_from_raw_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "crypto/ecdsa"
  "crypto/elliptic"
  "crypto/rand"
  "crypto/rsa"
  "fmt"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_from_raw() {
  // First, THIS IS THE WRONG WAY TO USE jwk.FromRaw().
  //
  // Assume that the file contains a JWK in JSON format
  //
  //  buf, _ := os.ReadFile(file)
  //  key, _ := jwk.FromRaw(buf)
  //
  // This is not right, because the jwk.FromRaw() function determines
  // the type of `jwk.Key` to create based on the TYPE of the argument.
  // In this case the type of `buf` is always []byte, and therefore
  // it will always create a symmetric key.
  //
  // What you want to do is to _parse_ `buf`.
  //
  //  keyset, _ := jwk.Parse(buf)
  //  key, _    := jwk.ParseKey(buf)
  //
  // See other examples in examples/jwk_parse_key_example_test.go and
  // examples/jwk_parse_jwks_example_test.go

  // []byte -> jwk.SymmetricKey
  {
    raw := []byte("Lorem Ipsum")
    key, err := jwk.FromRaw(raw)
    if err != nil {
      fmt.Printf("failed to create symmetric key: %s\n", err)
      return
    }
    if _, ok := key.(jwk.SymmetricKey); !ok {
      fmt.Printf("expected jwk.SymmetricKey, got %T\n", key)
      return
    }
  }

  // *rsa.PrivateKey -> jwk.RSAPrivateKey
  // *rsa.PublicKey  -> jwk.RSAPublicKey
  {
    raw, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
    if err != nil {
      fmt.Printf("failed to generate new RSA private key: %s\n", err)
      return
    }

    key, err := jwk.FromRaw(raw)
    if err != nil {
      fmt.Printf("failed to create symmetric key: %s\n", err)
      return
    }
    if _, ok := key.(jwk.RSAPrivateKey); !ok {
      fmt.Printf("expected jwk.SymmetricKey, got %T\n", key)
      return
    }
    // PublicKey is omitted for brevity
  }

  // *ecdsa.PrivateKey -> jwk.ECDSAPrivateKey
  // *ecdsa.PublicKey  -> jwk.ECDSAPublicKey
  {
    raw, err := ecdsa.GenerateKey(elliptic.P384(), rand.Reader)
    if err != nil {
      fmt.Printf("failed to generate new ECDSA private key: %s\n", err)
      return
    }

    key, err := jwk.FromRaw(raw)
    if err != nil {
      fmt.Printf("failed to create symmetric key: %s\n", err)
      return
    }
    if _, ok := key.(jwk.ECDSAPrivateKey); !ok {
      fmt.Printf("expected jwk.SymmetricKey, got %T\n", key)
      return
    }
    // PublicKey is omitted for brevity
  }

  // OUTPUT:
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_from_raw_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_from_raw_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

# Fetching JWK Sets

## Parse a key from a remote resource

To parse keys stored in a remote location pointed by an HTTP(s) URL, use [`jwk.Fetch()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Fetch)

If you are going to be using this key repeatedly in a long-running process, consider using [`jwk.Cache`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Cache) or [`jwk.CachedSet`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#CachedSet) described elsewhere in this document.

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_fetch_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "context"
  "encoding/json"
  "fmt"
  "net/http"
  "net/http/httptest"
  "os"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_fetch() {
  srv := httptest.NewTLSServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
    fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
  		"keys": [
        {"kty":"EC",
         "crv":"P-256",
         "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
         "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
         "use":"enc",
         "kid":"1"},
        {"kty":"RSA",
         "n": "0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
         "e":"AQAB",
         "alg":"RS256",
         "kid":"2011-04-29"}
      ]
    }`)
  }))
  defer srv.Close()

  set, err := jwk.Fetch(
    context.Background(),
    srv.URL,
    // This is necessary because httptest.Server is using a custom certificate
    jwk.WithHTTPClient(srv.Client()),
  )
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to fetch JWKS: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(set)
  // OUTPUT:
  // {"keys":[{"crv":"P-256","kid":"1","kty":"EC","use":"enc","x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4","y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM"},{"alg":"RS256","e":"AQAB","kid":"2011-04-29","kty":"RSA","n":"0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw"}]}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_fetch_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_fetch_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

## Auto-refreshing remote keys

Sometimes you need to fetch a remote JWK, and use it multiple times in a long-running process.
For example, you may act as an intermediary to some other service, and you may need to verify incoming JWT tokens against the tokens in said other service.

Normally, you should be able to simply fetch the JWK using [`jwk.Fetch()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Fetch),
but keys are usually routinely expired and rotated due to security reasons.
In such cases you would need to refetch the JWK periodically, which is a pain.

`github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk` provides the [`jwk.Cache`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Cache) and [`jwk.CachedSet`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#CachedSet) to do this for you.

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_cache_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "context"
  "fmt"
  "time"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_cache() {
  ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
  defer cancel()

  const googleCerts = `https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/certs`

  // First, set up the `jwk.Cache` object. You need to pass it a
  // `context.Context` object to control the lifecycle of the background fetching goroutine.
  //
  // Note that by default refreshes only happen very 15 minutes at the
  // earliest. If you need to control this, use `jwk.WithRefreshWindow()`
  c := jwk.NewCache(ctx)

  // Tell *jwk.Cache that we only want to refresh this JWKS
  // when it needs to (based on Cache-Control or Expires header from
  // the HTTP response). If the calculated minimum refresh interval is less
  // than 15 minutes, don't go refreshing any earlier than 15 minutes.
  c.Register(googleCerts, jwk.WithMinRefreshInterval(15*time.Minute))

  // Refresh the JWKS once before getting into the main loop.
  // This allows you to check if the JWKS is available before we start
  // a long-running program
  _, err := c.Refresh(ctx, googleCerts)
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to refresh google JWKS: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  // Pretend that this is your program's main loop
MAIN:
  for {
    select {
    case <-ctx.Done():
      break MAIN
    default:
    }
    keyset, err := c.Get(ctx, googleCerts)
    if err != nil {
      fmt.Printf("failed to fetch google JWKS: %s\n", err)
      return
    }
    _ = keyset
    // The returned `keyset` will always be "reasonably" new.
    //
    // By "reasonably" we mean that we cannot guarantee that the keys will be refreshed
    // immediately after it has been rotated in the remote source. But it should be close\
    // enough, and should you need to forcefully refresh the token using the `(jwk.Cache).Refresh()` method.
    //
    // If refetching the keyset fails, a cached version will be returned from the previous successful
    // fetch upon calling `(jwk.Cache).Fetch()`.

    // Do interesting stuff with the keyset... but here, we just
    // sleep for a bit
    time.Sleep(time.Second)

    // Because we're a dummy program, we just cancel the loop now.
    // If this were a real program, you presumably loop forever
    cancel()
  }
  // OUTPUT:
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_cache_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_cache_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_cached_set_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "context"
  "fmt"
  "time"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jws"
)

func Example_jwk_cached_set() {
  ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
  defer cancel()

  const googleCerts = `https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/certs`

  // The first steps are the same as examples/jwk_cache_example_test.go
  c := jwk.NewCache(ctx)
  c.Register(googleCerts, jwk.WithMinRefreshInterval(15*time.Minute))
  _, err := c.Refresh(ctx, googleCerts)
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to refresh google JWKS: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  cached := jwk.NewCachedSet(c, googleCerts)

  // cached fulfills the jwk.Set interface.
  var _ jwk.Set = cached

  // That means you can pass it to things like jws.WithKeySet,
  // allowing you to pretend as if you are using the result of
  //
  //   jwk.Fetch(ctx, googleCerts)
  //
  // But you are instead using a cached (and periodically refreshed) set
  // for each operation.
  _ = jws.WithKeySet(cached)
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_cached_set_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_cached_set_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

## Using Whitelists

If you are fetching JWK Sets from a possibly untrusted source such as the URL in the `jku` field of a JWS message,
you may have to perform some sort of whitelist checking. You can provide a `jwk.Whitelist` object to either
`jwk.Fetch()` or `(*jwk.Cache).Register()` methods to specify the use of a whitelist.

Currently the package provides `jwk.MapWhitelist` and `jwk.RegexpWhitelist` types for simpler cases,
as well as `jwk.InsecureWhitelist` for when you explicitly want to allow all URLs.
If you would like to implement something more complex, you can provide a function via `jwk.WhitelistFunc` or implement your own type of `jwk.Whitelist`.

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_whitelist_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "context"
  "encoding/json"
  "fmt"
  "net/http"
  "net/http/httptest"
  "os"
  "regexp"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_whitelist() {
  srv := httptest.NewTLSServer(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
    w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
    fmt.Fprintf(w, `{
  		"keys": [
        {"kty":"EC",
         "crv":"P-256",
         "x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4",
         "y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM",
         "use":"enc",
         "kid":"1"},
        {"kty":"RSA",
         "n": "0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw",
         "e":"AQAB",
         "alg":"RS256",
         "kid":"2011-04-29"}
      ]
    }`)
  }))
  defer srv.Close()

  testcases := []struct {
    Whitelist jwk.Whitelist
    Error     bool
  }{
    // The first two whitelists are meant to prevent access to any other
    // URLs other than www.google.com
    {
      Whitelist: jwk.NewMapWhitelist().Add(`https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/certs`),
      Error:     true,
    },
    {
      Whitelist: jwk.NewRegexpWhitelist().Add(regexp.MustCompile(`^https://www\.googleapis\.com/`)),
      Error:     true,
    },
    // This whitelist allows anything
    {
      Whitelist: jwk.InsecureWhitelist{},
    },
  }

  for _, tc := range testcases {
    set, err := jwk.Fetch(
      context.Background(),
      srv.URL,
      // This is necessary because httptest.Server is using a custom certificate
      jwk.WithHTTPClient(srv.Client()),
      // Pass the whitelist!
      jwk.WithFetchWhitelist(tc.Whitelist),
    )
    if tc.Error {
      if err == nil {
        fmt.Printf("expected fetch to fail, but got no error\n")
        return
      }
    } else {
      if err != nil {
        fmt.Printf("failed to fetch JWKS: %s\n", err)
        return
      }
      json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout).Encode(set)
    }
  }

  // OUTPUT:
  // {"keys":[{"crv":"P-256","kid":"1","kty":"EC","use":"enc","x":"MKBCTNIcKUSDii11ySs3526iDZ8AiTo7Tu6KPAqv7D4","y":"4Etl6SRW2YiLUrN5vfvVHuhp7x8PxltmWWlbbM4IFyM"},{"alg":"RS256","e":"AQAB","kid":"2011-04-29","kty":"RSA","n":"0vx7agoebGcQSuuPiLJXZptN9nndrQmbXEps2aiAFbWhM78LhWx4cbbfAAtVT86zwu1RK7aPFFxuhDR1L6tSoc_BJECPebWKRXjBZCiFV4n3oknjhMstn64tZ_2W-5JsGY4Hc5n9yBXArwl93lqt7_RN5w6Cf0h4QyQ5v-65YGjQR0_FDW2QvzqY368QQMicAtaSqzs8KJZgnYb9c7d0zgdAZHzu6qMQvRL5hajrn1n91CbOpbISD08qNLyrdkt-bFTWhAI4vMQFh6WeZu0fM4lFd2NcRwr3XPksINHaQ-G_xBniIqbw0Ls1jF44-csFCur-kEgU8awapJzKnqDKgw"}]}
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_whitelist_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_whitelist_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

# Working with jwk.Key

## [Working with key-specific methods]

While you would almost always be able to get away with working with just the `jwk.Key` interface, there might be times when you want to get to methods that are specific to a particular key type, such as an RSA key.

In these cases it is possible to convert their types and get a more specific interface, such as `jwk.RSAPrivateKey`

<!-- INCLUDE(examples/jwk_key_specific_methods_example_test.go) -->
```go
package examples_test

import (
  "crypto/rand"
  "crypto/rsa"
  "fmt"

  "github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk"
)

func Example_jwk_key_specific_methods() {
  raw, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to generate RSA private key: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  key, err := jwk.FromRaw(raw)
  if err != nil {
    fmt.Printf("failed to create jwk.Key from RSA private key: %s\n", err)
    return
  }

  rsakey, ok := key.(jwk.RSAPrivateKey)
  if !ok {
    fmt.Printf("failed to convert jwk.Key into jwk.RSAPrivateKey (was %T)\n", key)
    return
  }

  // We won't print these values, because each time they are
  // generated the contents will be different, and thus our
  // tests would fail. But here you can see that once you
  // convert the type you can access the RSA-specific methods
  _ = rsakey.D()
  _ = rsakey.DP()
  _ = rsakey.DQ()
  _ = rsakey.E()
  _ = rsakey.N()
  _ = rsakey.P()
  _ = rsakey.Q()
  _ = rsakey.QI()
  // OUTPUT:
  //
}
```
source: [examples/jwk_key_specific_methods_example_test.go](https://github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/blob/v2/examples/jwk_key_specific_methods_example_test.go)
<!-- END INCLUDE -->

## Setting values to fields

Using [`jwk.FromRaw()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#FromRaw) allows you to create a key whose fields have been properly populated, but sometimes there are other fields that you may want to populate in a key, such as`kid`, or other custom fields.

These fields can all be set using the [`jwk.Set()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Set) method.

The [`jwk.Set()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Set) method takes the name of the key and a value to be associated with it. Some predefined keys have specific types (in which type checks are enforced) and others don't.

[`jwk.Set()`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Set) may not alter the Key Type (`kty`) field of a key.

The `jwk` package defines field key names for predefined keys as constants, so you won't ever have to bang your head against the wall after finding out that you have a typo.

```go
key.Set(jwk.KeyIDKey, `my-awesome-key`)
key.Set(`my-custom-field`, `unbelievable-value`)
```

## Converting a jwk.Key to a raw key

As discussed in [Terminology](#terminology), this package calls the "original" keys (e.g. `rsa.PublicKey`, `ecdsa.PrivateKey`, etc.) "raw" keys. To obtain a raw key from a  [`jwk.Key`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Key) object, use the [`Raw()`](https://github.com/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Raw) method.

```go
key, _ := jwk.ParseKey(src)

var raw interface{}
if err := key.Raw(&raw); err != nil {
  ...
}
```

In the above example, `raw` contains whatever the [`jwk.Key`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#Key) represents.
If `key` represents an RSA key, it will contain either a `rsa.PublicKey` or `rsa.PrivateKey`. If it represents an ECDSA key, an `ecdsa.PublicKey`, or `ecdsa.PrivateKey`, etc.

If the only operation that you are performing is to grab the raw key out of a JSON JWK, use [`jwk.ParseRawKey`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/lestrrat-go/jwx/v2/jwk#ParseRawKey).

```go
var raw interface{}
if err := jwk.ParseRawKey(src, &raw); err != nil {
  ...
}
```
