/*    doio.c
 *
 *    Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
 *    2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 by Larry Wall and others
 *
 *    You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public
 *    License or the Artistic License, as specified in the README file.
 *
 */

/*
 *  Far below them they saw the white waters pour into a foaming bowl, and
 *  then swirl darkly about a deep oval basin in the rocks, until they found
 *  their way out again through a narrow gate, and flowed away, fuming and
 *  chattering, into calmer and more level reaches.
 *
 *     [p.684 of _The Lord of the Rings_, IV/vi: "The Forbidden Pool"]
 */

/* This file contains functions that do the actual I/O on behalf of ops.
 * For example, pp_print() calls the do_print() function in this file for
 * each argument needing printing.
 */

#include "EXTERN.h"
#define PERL_IN_DOIO_C
#include "perl.h"

#if defined(HAS_MSG) || defined(HAS_SEM) || defined(HAS_SHM)
#ifndef HAS_SEM
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAS_MSG
#include <sys/msg.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAS_SHM
#include <sys/shm.h>
# ifndef HAS_SHMAT_PROTOTYPE
    extern Shmat_t shmat (int, char *, int);
# endif
#endif
#endif

#ifdef I_UTIME
#  if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__MINGW32__)
#    include <sys/utime.h>
#  else
#    include <utime.h>
#  endif
#endif

#ifdef O_EXCL
#  define OPEN_EXCL O_EXCL
#else
#  define OPEN_EXCL 0
#endif

#define PERL_MODE_MAX 8
#define PERL_FLAGS_MAX 10

#include <signal.h>

void
Perl_setfd_cloexec(int fd)
{
    assert(fd >= 0);
#if defined(HAS_FCNTL) && defined(F_SETFD) && defined(FD_CLOEXEC)
    (void) fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
#endif
}

void
Perl_setfd_inhexec(int fd)
{
    assert(fd >= 0);
#if defined(HAS_FCNTL) && defined(F_SETFD) && defined(FD_CLOEXEC)
    (void) fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, 0);
#endif
}

void
Perl_setfd_cloexec_for_nonsysfd(pTHX_ int fd)
{
    assert(fd >= 0);
    if(fd > PL_maxsysfd)
        setfd_cloexec(fd);
}

void
Perl_setfd_inhexec_for_sysfd(pTHX_ int fd)
{
    assert(fd >= 0);
    if(fd <= PL_maxsysfd)
        setfd_inhexec(fd);
}
void
Perl_setfd_cloexec_or_inhexec_by_sysfdness(pTHX_ int fd)
{
    assert(fd >= 0);
    if(fd <= PL_maxsysfd)
        setfd_inhexec(fd);
    else
        setfd_cloexec(fd);
}


#define DO_GENOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(GENOPEN_NORMAL, GENSETFD_CLOEXEC) \
        do { \
            int res = (GENOPEN_NORMAL); \
            if(LIKELY(res != -1)) GENSETFD_CLOEXEC; \
            return res; \
        } while(0)
#if defined(HAS_FCNTL) && defined(F_SETFD) && defined(FD_CLOEXEC) && \
                        defined(F_GETFD)
enum { CLOEXEC_EXPERIMENT = 0, CLOEXEC_AT_OPEN, CLOEXEC_AFTER_OPEN };
#  define DO_GENOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(strategy, TESTFD, GENOPEN_CLOEXEC, \
                        GENOPEN_NORMAL, GENSETFD_CLOEXEC) \
        do { \
            switch (strategy) { \
                case CLOEXEC_EXPERIMENT: default: { \
                    int res = (GENOPEN_CLOEXEC), eno; \
                    if (LIKELY(res != -1)) { \
                        int fdflags = fcntl((TESTFD), F_GETFD); \
                        if (LIKELY(fdflags != -1) && \
                                LIKELY(fdflags & FD_CLOEXEC)) { \
                            strategy = CLOEXEC_AT_OPEN; \
                        } else { \
                            strategy = CLOEXEC_AFTER_OPEN; \
                            GENSETFD_CLOEXEC; \
                        } \
                    } else if (UNLIKELY((eno = errno) == EINVAL || \
                                                eno == ENOSYS)) { \
                        res = (GENOPEN_NORMAL); \
                        if (LIKELY(res != -1)) { \
                            strategy = CLOEXEC_AFTER_OPEN; \
                            GENSETFD_CLOEXEC; \
                        } else if (!LIKELY((eno = errno) == EINVAL || \
                                                eno == ENOSYS)) { \
                            strategy = CLOEXEC_AFTER_OPEN; \
                        } \
                    } \
                    return res; \
                } \
                case CLOEXEC_AT_OPEN: \
                    return (GENOPEN_CLOEXEC); \
                case CLOEXEC_AFTER_OPEN: \
                    DO_GENOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(GENOPEN_NORMAL, GENSETFD_CLOEXEC); \
            } \
        } while(0)
#else
#  define DO_GENOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(strategy, TESTFD, GENOPEN_CLOEXEC, \
                        GENOPEN_NORMAL, GENSETFD_CLOEXEC) \
        DO_GENOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(GENOPEN_NORMAL, GENSETFD_CLOEXEC)
#endif

#define DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(ONEOPEN_NORMAL) \
        do { \
            int fd; \
            DO_GENOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(fd = (ONEOPEN_NORMAL), \
                setfd_cloexec(fd)); \
        } while(0)
#define DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(strategy, \
                ONEOPEN_CLOEXEC, ONEOPEN_NORMAL) \
        do { \
            int fd; \
            DO_GENOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(strategy, \
                fd, \
                fd = (ONEOPEN_CLOEXEC), \
                fd = (ONEOPEN_NORMAL), setfd_cloexec(fd)); \
        } while(0)

#define DO_PIPESETFD_CLOEXEC(PIPEFD) \
        do { \
            setfd_cloexec((PIPEFD)[0]); \
            setfd_cloexec((PIPEFD)[1]); \
        } while(0)
#define DO_PIPEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PIPEFD, PIPEOPEN_NORMAL) \
        DO_GENOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PIPEOPEN_NORMAL, DO_PIPESETFD_CLOEXEC(PIPEFD))
#define DO_PIPEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(strategy, PIPEFD, PIPEOPEN_CLOEXEC, \
                        PIPEOPEN_NORMAL) \
        DO_GENOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(strategy, \
                (PIPEFD)[0], PIPEOPEN_CLOEXEC, \
            PIPEOPEN_NORMAL, DO_PIPESETFD_CLOEXEC(PIPEFD))

int
Perl_PerlLIO_dup_cloexec(pTHX_ int oldfd)
{
#if !defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS) && defined(F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)
    /*
     * struct IPerlLIO doesn't cover fcntl(), and there's no clear way
     * to extend it, so for the time being this just isn't available on
     * PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS builds.
     */
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_dup,
        fcntl(oldfd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0),
        PerlLIO_dup(oldfd));
#else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PerlLIO_dup(oldfd));
#endif
}

int
Perl_PerlLIO_dup2_cloexec(pTHX_ int oldfd, int newfd)
{
#if !defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS) && defined(HAS_DUP3) && defined(O_CLOEXEC)
    /*
     * struct IPerlLIO doesn't cover dup3(), and there's no clear way
     * to extend it, so for the time being this just isn't available on
     * PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS builds.
     */
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_dup2,
        dup3(oldfd, newfd, O_CLOEXEC),
        PerlLIO_dup2(oldfd, newfd));
#else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PerlLIO_dup2(oldfd, newfd));
#endif
}

#if defined(OEMVS)
  #if (__CHARSET_LIB == 1)
#   include <stdio.h>
#   include <stdlib.h>

    static int setccsid(int fd, int ccsid) 
    {
      attrib_t attr;
      int rc;

      memset(&attr, 0, sizeof(attr));
      attr.att_filetagchg = 1;
      attr.att_filetag.ft_ccsid = ccsid;
      attr.att_filetag.ft_txtflag = 1;

      rc = __fchattr(fd, &attr, sizeof(attr));
      return rc;
    }

    static void updateccsid(int fd, const char* path, int oflag, int perm) 
    { 
      int rc;
      if (oflag & O_CREAT) {
        rc = setccsid(fd, 819);
      }
    }

    int asciiopen(const char* path, int oflag) 
    {
      int rc;
      int fd = open(path, oflag);
      if (fd == -1) { 
        return fd;
      }
      updateccsid(fd, path, oflag, -1);
      return fd; 
    }

    int asciiopen3(const char* path, int oflag, int perm) 
    {
      int rc;
      int fd = open(path, oflag, perm);
      if (fd == -1) { 
        return fd;
      }
      updateccsid(fd, path, oflag, perm);
      return fd;
    } 
  #endif
#endif

int
Perl_PerlLIO_open_cloexec(pTHX_ const char *file, int flag)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PERLLIO_OPEN_CLOEXEC;
#if defined(O_CLOEXEC)
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_open,
        PerlLIO_open(file, flag | O_CLOEXEC),
        PerlLIO_open(file, flag));
#else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PerlLIO_open(file, flag));
#endif
}

int
Perl_PerlLIO_open3_cloexec(pTHX_ const char *file, int flag, int perm)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PERLLIO_OPEN3_CLOEXEC;
#if defined(O_CLOEXEC)
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_open3,
        PerlLIO_open3(file, flag | O_CLOEXEC, perm),
        PerlLIO_open3(file, flag, perm));
#else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PerlLIO_open3(file, flag, perm));
#endif
}

#if defined(OEMVS)
  #if (__CHARSET_LIB == 1)
    #define TEMP_CCSID 819
  #endif
static int Internal_Perl_my_mkstemp_cloexec(char *templte)
{     
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MY_MKSTEMP_CLOEXEC;
#  if defined(O_CLOEXEC)
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
	PL_strategy_mkstemp,
   	Perl_my_mkostemp(templte, O_CLOEXEC),
        Perl_my_mkstemp(templte));
#  else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(Perl_my_mkstemp(templte));
#  endif
}
int
Perl_my_mkstemp_cloexec(char *templte) 
{
    int tempfd = Internal_Perl_my_mkstemp_cloexec(templte);
#  if defined(TEMP_CCSID)
    setccsid(tempfd, TEMP_CCSID);
#  endif
    return tempfd;
}

#  else /* Below is ! OEMVS */
int
Perl_my_mkstemp_cloexec(char *templte) 
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MY_MKSTEMP_CLOEXEC;
#  if defined(O_CLOEXEC)
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_mkstemp,
        Perl_my_mkostemp(templte, O_CLOEXEC),
        Perl_my_mkstemp(templte));
#  else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(Perl_my_mkstemp(templte));
#  endif
}
#endif

int
Perl_my_mkostemp_cloexec(char *templte, int flags)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_MY_MKOSTEMP_CLOEXEC;
#if defined(O_CLOEXEC)
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_mkstemp,
        Perl_my_mkostemp(templte, flags | O_CLOEXEC),
        Perl_my_mkostemp(templte, flags));
#else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(Perl_my_mkostemp(templte, flags));
#endif
}

#ifdef HAS_PIPE
int
Perl_PerlProc_pipe_cloexec(pTHX_ int *pipefd)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PERLPROC_PIPE_CLOEXEC;
    /*
     * struct IPerlProc doesn't cover pipe2(), and there's no clear way
     * to extend it, so for the time being this just isn't available on
     * PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS builds.
     */
#  if !defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS) && defined(HAS_PIPE2) && defined(O_CLOEXEC)
    DO_PIPEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(PL_strategy_pipe, pipefd,
        pipe2(pipefd, O_CLOEXEC),
        PerlProc_pipe(pipefd));
#  else
    DO_PIPEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(pipefd, PerlProc_pipe(pipefd));
#  endif
}
#endif

#ifdef HAS_SOCKET

int
Perl_PerlSock_socket_cloexec(pTHX_ int domain, int type, int protocol)
{
#  if defined(SOCK_CLOEXEC)
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_socket,
        PerlSock_socket(domain, type | SOCK_CLOEXEC, protocol),
        PerlSock_socket(domain, type, protocol));
#  else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PerlSock_socket(domain, type, protocol));
#  endif
}

int
Perl_PerlSock_accept_cloexec(pTHX_ int listenfd, struct sockaddr *addr,
    Sock_size_t *addrlen)
{
#  if !defined(PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS) && \
        defined(HAS_ACCEPT4) && defined(SOCK_CLOEXEC)
    /*
     * struct IPerlSock doesn't cover accept4(), and there's no clear
     * way to extend it, so for the time being this just isn't available
     * on PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS builds.
     */
    DO_ONEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(
        PL_strategy_accept,
        accept4(listenfd, addr, addrlen, SOCK_CLOEXEC),
        PerlSock_accept(listenfd, addr, addrlen));
#  else
    DO_ONEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(PerlSock_accept(listenfd, addr, addrlen));
#  endif
}

#endif

#if defined (HAS_SOCKETPAIR) || \
    (defined (HAS_SOCKET) && defined(SOCK_DGRAM) && \
        defined(AF_INET) && defined(PF_INET))
int
Perl_PerlSock_socketpair_cloexec(pTHX_ int domain, int type, int protocol,
    int *pairfd)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_PERLSOCK_SOCKETPAIR_CLOEXEC;
#  ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
    DO_PIPEOPEN_EXPERIMENTING_CLOEXEC(PL_strategy_socketpair, pairfd,
        PerlSock_socketpair(domain, type | SOCK_CLOEXEC, protocol, pairfd),
        PerlSock_socketpair(domain, type, protocol, pairfd));
#  else
    DO_PIPEOPEN_THEN_CLOEXEC(pairfd,
        PerlSock_socketpair(domain, type, protocol, pairfd));
#  endif
}
#endif

static IO *
S_openn_setup(pTHX_ GV *gv, char *mode, PerlIO **saveifp, PerlIO **saveofp,
              int *savefd,  char *savetype)
{
    IO * const io = GvIOn(gv);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OPENN_SETUP;

    *saveifp = NULL;
    *saveofp = NULL;
    *savefd = -1;
    *savetype = IoTYPE_CLOSED;

    Zero(mode,sizeof(mode),char);
    PL_forkprocess = 1;		/* assume true if no fork */

    /* If currently open - close before we re-open */
    if (IoIFP(io)) {
        if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_STD) {
            /* This is a clone of one of STD* handles */
        }
        else {
            const int old_fd = PerlIO_fileno(IoIFP(io));

            if (inRANGE(old_fd, 0, PL_maxsysfd)) {
                /* This is one of the original STD* handles */
                *saveifp  = IoIFP(io);
                *saveofp  = IoOFP(io);
                *savetype = IoTYPE(io);
                *savefd   = old_fd;
            }
            else {
                int result;

                if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_PIPE)
                    result = PerlProc_pclose(IoIFP(io));
                else if (IoIFP(io) != IoOFP(io)) {
                    if (IoOFP(io)) {
                        result = PerlIO_close(IoOFP(io));
                        PerlIO_close(IoIFP(io)); /* clear stdio, fd already closed */
                    }
                    else
                        result = PerlIO_close(IoIFP(io));
                }
                else
                    result = PerlIO_close(IoIFP(io));

                if (result == EOF && old_fd > PL_maxsysfd) {
                    /* Why is this not Perl_warn*() call ? */
                    PerlIO_printf(Perl_error_log,
                                  "Warning: unable to close filehandle %" HEKf
                                  " properly.\n",
                                  HEKfARG(GvENAME_HEK(gv))
                        );
                }
            }
        }
        IoOFP(io) = IoIFP(io) = NULL;
    }
    return io;
}

bool
Perl_do_openn(pTHX_ GV *gv, const char *oname, I32 len, int as_raw,
              int rawmode, int rawperm, PerlIO *supplied_fp, SV **svp,
              I32 num_svs)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_OPENN;

    if (as_raw) {
        /* sysopen style args, i.e. integer mode and permissions */

        if (num_svs != 0) {
            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "panic: sysopen with multiple args, num_svs=%ld",
                       (long) num_svs);
        }
        return do_open_raw(gv, oname, len, rawmode, rawperm, NULL);
    }
    return do_open6(gv, oname, len, supplied_fp, svp, num_svs);
}

bool
Perl_do_open_raw(pTHX_ GV *gv, const char *oname, STRLEN len,
                 int rawmode, int rawperm, Stat_t *statbufp)
{
    PerlIO *saveifp;
    PerlIO *saveofp;
    int savefd;
    char savetype;
    char mode[PERL_MODE_MAX];	/* file mode ("r\0", "rb\0", "ab\0" etc.) */
    IO * const io = openn_setup(gv, mode, &saveifp, &saveofp, &savefd, &savetype);
    int writing = 0;
    PerlIO *fp;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_OPEN_RAW;

    /* For ease of blame back to 5.000, keep the existing indenting. */
    {
        /* sysopen style args, i.e. integer mode and permissions */
        STRLEN ix = 0;
        const int appendtrunc =
             0
#ifdef O_APPEND	/* Not fully portable. */
             |O_APPEND
#endif
#ifdef O_TRUNC	/* Not fully portable. */
             |O_TRUNC
#endif
             ;
        const int modifyingmode = O_WRONLY|O_RDWR|O_CREAT|appendtrunc;
        int ismodifying;
        SV *namesv;

        /* It's not always

           O_RDONLY 0
           O_WRONLY 1
           O_RDWR   2

           It might be (in OS/390 and Mac OS Classic it is)

           O_WRONLY 1
           O_RDONLY 2
           O_RDWR   3

           This means that simple & with O_RDWR would look
           like O_RDONLY is present.  Therefore we have to
           be more careful.
        */
        if ((ismodifying = (rawmode & modifyingmode))) {
             if ((ismodifying & O_WRONLY) == O_WRONLY ||
                 (ismodifying & O_RDWR)   == O_RDWR   ||
                 (ismodifying & (O_CREAT|appendtrunc)))
                  TAINT_PROPER("sysopen");
        }
        mode[ix++] = IoTYPE_NUMERIC; /* Marker to openn to use numeric "sysopen" */

#if defined(USE_64_BIT_RAWIO) && defined(O_LARGEFILE)
        rawmode |= O_LARGEFILE;	/* Transparently largefiley. */
#endif

        IoTYPE(io) = PerlIO_intmode2str(rawmode, &mode[ix], &writing);

        namesv = newSVpvn_flags(oname, len, SVs_TEMP);
        fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ NULL, mode, -1, rawmode, rawperm, NULL, 1, &namesv);
    }
    return openn_cleanup(gv, io, fp, mode, oname, saveifp, saveofp, savefd,
                         savetype, writing, 0, NULL, statbufp);
}

bool
Perl_do_open6(pTHX_ GV *gv, const char *oname, STRLEN len,
              PerlIO *supplied_fp, SV **svp, U32 num_svs)
{
    PerlIO *saveifp;
    PerlIO *saveofp;
    int savefd;
    char savetype;
    char mode[PERL_MODE_MAX];	/* file mode ("r\0", "rb\0", "ab\0" etc.) */
    IO * const io = openn_setup(gv, mode, &saveifp, &saveofp, &savefd, &savetype);
    int writing = 0;
    PerlIO *fp;
    bool was_fdopen = FALSE;
    char *type  = NULL;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_OPEN6;

    /* For ease of blame back to 5.000, keep the existing indenting. */
    {
        /* Regular (non-sys) open */
        char *name;
        STRLEN olen = len;
        char *tend;
        int dodup = 0;
        bool in_raw = 0, in_crlf = 0, out_raw = 0, out_crlf = 0;

        /* Collect default raw/crlf info from the op */
        if (PL_op && PL_op->op_type == OP_OPEN) {
            /* set up IO layers */
            const U8 flags = PL_op->op_private;
            in_raw = (flags & OPpOPEN_IN_RAW);
            in_crlf = (flags & OPpOPEN_IN_CRLF);
            out_raw = (flags & OPpOPEN_OUT_RAW);
            out_crlf = (flags & OPpOPEN_OUT_CRLF);
        }

        type = savepvn(oname, len);
        tend = type+len;
        SAVEFREEPV(type);

        /* Lose leading and trailing white space */
        while (isSPACE(*type))
            type++;
        while (tend > type && isSPACE(tend[-1]))
            *--tend = '\0';

        if (num_svs) {
            const char *p;
            STRLEN nlen = 0;
            /* New style explicit name, type is just mode and layer info */
#ifdef USE_STDIO
            if (SvROK(*svp) && !memchr(oname, '&', len)) {
                if (ckWARN(WARN_IO))
                    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                            "Can't open a reference");
                SETERRNO(EINVAL, LIB_INVARG);
                fp = NULL;
                goto say_false;
            }
#endif /* USE_STDIO */
            p = (SvOK(*svp) || SvGMAGICAL(*svp)) ? SvPV(*svp, nlen) : NULL;

            if (p && !IS_SAFE_PATHNAME(p, nlen, "open")) {
                fp = NULL;
                goto say_false;
            }

            name = p ? savepvn(p, nlen) : savepvs("");

            SAVEFREEPV(name);
        }
        else {
            name = type;
            len  = tend-type;
        }
        IoTYPE(io) = *type;
        if ((*type == IoTYPE_RDWR) && /* scary */
           (*(type+1) == IoTYPE_RDONLY || *(type+1) == IoTYPE_WRONLY) &&
            ((!num_svs || (tend > type+1 && tend[-1] != IoTYPE_PIPE)))) {
            TAINT_PROPER("open");
            mode[1] = *type++;
            writing = 1;
        }

        if (*type == IoTYPE_PIPE) {
            if (num_svs) {
                if (type[1] != IoTYPE_STD) {
                  unknown_open_mode:
                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Unknown open() mode '%.*s'", (int)olen, oname);
                }
                type++;
            }
            do {
                type++;
            } while (isSPACE(*type));
            if (!num_svs) {
                name = type;
                len = tend-type;
            }
            if (*name == '\0') {
                /* command is missing 19990114 */
                if (ckWARN(WARN_PIPE))
                    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_PIPE), "Missing command in piped open");
                errno = EPIPE;
                fp = NULL;
                goto say_false;
            }
            if (!(*name == '-' && name[1] == '\0') || num_svs)
                TAINT_ENV();
            TAINT_PROPER("piped open");
            if (!num_svs && name[len-1] == '|') {
                name[--len] = '\0' ;
                if (ckWARN(WARN_PIPE))
                    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_PIPE), "Can't open bidirectional pipe");
            }
            mode[0] = 'w';
            writing = 1;
            if (out_raw)
                mode[1] = 'b';
            else if (out_crlf)
                mode[1] = 't';
            if (num_svs > 1) {
                fp = PerlProc_popen_list(mode, num_svs, svp);
            }
            else {
                fp = PerlProc_popen(name,mode);
            }
            if (num_svs) {
                if (*type) {
                    if (PerlIO_apply_layers(aTHX_ fp, mode, type) != 0) {
                        fp = NULL;
                        goto say_false;
                    }
                }
            }
        } /* IoTYPE_PIPE */
        else if (*type == IoTYPE_WRONLY) {
            TAINT_PROPER("open");
            type++;
            if (*type == IoTYPE_WRONLY) {
                /* Two IoTYPE_WRONLYs in a row make for an IoTYPE_APPEND. */
                mode[0] = IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_APPEND;
                type++;
            }
            else {
                mode[0] = 'w';
            }
            writing = 1;

            if (out_raw)
                mode[1] = 'b';
            else if (out_crlf)
                mode[1] = 't';
            if (*type == '&') {
              duplicity:
                dodup = PERLIO_DUP_FD;
                type++;
                if (*type == '=') {
                    dodup = 0;
                    type++;
                }
                if (!num_svs && !*type && supplied_fp) {
                    /* "<+&" etc. is used by typemaps */
                    fp = supplied_fp;
                }
                else {
                    PerlIO *that_fp = NULL;
                    int wanted_fd;
                    UV uv;
                    if (num_svs > 1) {
                        /* diag_listed_as: More than one argument to '%s' open */
                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "More than one argument to '%c&' open",IoTYPE(io));
                    }
                    while (isSPACE(*type))
                        type++;
                    if (num_svs && (
                             SvIOK(*svp)
                          || (SvPOKp(*svp) && looks_like_number(*svp))
                       )) {
                        wanted_fd = SvUV(*svp);
                        num_svs = 0;
                    }
                    else if (isDIGIT(*type)
                        && grok_atoUV(type, &uv, NULL)
                        && uv <= INT_MAX
                    ) {
                        wanted_fd = (int)uv;
                    }
                    else {
                        const IO* thatio;
                        if (num_svs) {
                            thatio = sv_2io(*svp);
                        }
                        else {
                            GV * const thatgv = gv_fetchpvn_flags(type, tend - type,
                                                       0, SVt_PVIO);
                            thatio = GvIO(thatgv);
                        }
                        if (!thatio) {
#ifdef EINVAL
                            SETERRNO(EINVAL,SS_IVCHAN);
#endif
                            fp = NULL;
                            goto say_false;
                        }
                        if ((that_fp = IoIFP(thatio))) {
                            /* Flush stdio buffer before dup. --mjd
                             * Unfortunately SEEK_CURing 0 seems to
                             * be optimized away on most platforms;
                             * only Solaris and Linux seem to flush
                             * on that. --jhi */
                            /* On the other hand, do all platforms
                             * take gracefully to flushing a read-only
                             * filehandle?  Perhaps we should do
                             * fsetpos(src)+fgetpos(dst)?  --nik */
                            PerlIO_flush(that_fp);
                            wanted_fd = PerlIO_fileno(that_fp);
                            /* When dup()ing STDIN, STDOUT or STDERR
                             * explicitly set appropriate access mode */
                            if (that_fp == PerlIO_stdout()
                                || that_fp == PerlIO_stderr())
                                IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_WRONLY;
                            else if (that_fp == PerlIO_stdin())
                                IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_RDONLY;
                            /* When dup()ing a socket, say result is
                             * one as well */
                            else if (IoTYPE(thatio) == IoTYPE_SOCKET)
                                IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_SOCKET;
                        }
                        else {
                            SETERRNO(EBADF, RMS_IFI);
                            fp = NULL;
                            goto say_false;
                        }
                    }
                    if (!num_svs)
                        type = NULL;
                    if (that_fp) {
                        fp = PerlIO_fdupopen(aTHX_ that_fp, NULL, dodup);
                    }
                    else {
                        if (dodup)
                            wanted_fd = PerlLIO_dup_cloexec(wanted_fd);
                        else
                            was_fdopen = TRUE;
                        if (!(fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,mode,wanted_fd,0,0,NULL,num_svs,svp))) {
                            if (dodup && wanted_fd >= 0)
                                PerlLIO_close(wanted_fd);
                        }
                    }
                }
            } /* & */
            else {
                while (isSPACE(*type))
                    type++;
                if (*type == IoTYPE_STD && (!type[1] || isSPACE(type[1]) || type[1] == ':')) {
                    type++;
                    fp = PerlIO_stdout();
                    IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_STD;
                    if (num_svs > 1) {
                        /* diag_listed_as: More than one argument to '%s' open */
                        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "More than one argument to '>%c' open",IoTYPE_STD);
                    }
                }
                else {
                    if (num_svs) {
                        fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,mode,-1,0,0,NULL,num_svs,svp);
                    }
                    else {
                        SV *namesv = newSVpvn_flags(type, tend - type, SVs_TEMP);
                        type = NULL;
                        fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,mode,-1,0,0,NULL,1,&namesv);
                    }
                }
            } /* !& */
            if (!fp && type && *type && *type != ':' && !isIDFIRST(*type))
               goto unknown_open_mode;
        } /* IoTYPE_WRONLY */
        else if (*type == IoTYPE_RDONLY) {
            do {
                type++;
            } while (isSPACE(*type));
            mode[0] = 'r';
            if (in_raw)
                mode[1] = 'b';
            else if (in_crlf)
                mode[1] = 't';
            if (*type == '&') {
                goto duplicity;
            }
            if (*type == IoTYPE_STD && (!type[1] || isSPACE(type[1]) || type[1] == ':')) {
                type++;
                fp = PerlIO_stdin();
                IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_STD;
                if (num_svs > 1) {
                    /* diag_listed_as: More than one argument to '%s' open */
                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "More than one argument to '<%c' open",IoTYPE_STD);
                }
            }
            else {
                if (num_svs) {
                    fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,mode,-1,0,0,NULL,num_svs,svp);
                }
                else {
                    SV *namesv  = newSVpvn_flags(type, tend - type, SVs_TEMP);
                    type = NULL;
                    fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,mode,-1,0,0,NULL,1,&namesv);
                }
            }
            if (!fp && type && *type && *type != ':' && !isIDFIRST(*type))
               goto unknown_open_mode;
        } /* IoTYPE_RDONLY */
        else if ((num_svs && /* '-|...' or '...|' */
                  type[0] == IoTYPE_STD && type[1] == IoTYPE_PIPE) ||
                 (!num_svs && tend > type+1 && tend[-1] == IoTYPE_PIPE)) {
            if (num_svs) {
                type += 2;   /* skip over '-|' */
            }
            else {
                *--tend = '\0';
                while (tend > type && isSPACE(tend[-1]))
                    *--tend = '\0';
                for (; isSPACE(*type); type++)
                    ;
                name = type;
                len  = tend-type;
            }
            if (*name == '\0') {
                /* command is missing 19990114 */
                if (ckWARN(WARN_PIPE))
                    Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_PIPE), "Missing command in piped open");
                errno = EPIPE;
                fp = NULL;
                goto say_false;
            }
            if (!(*name == '-' && name[1] == '\0') || num_svs)
                TAINT_ENV();
            TAINT_PROPER("piped open");
            mode[0] = 'r';

            if (in_raw)
                mode[1] = 'b';
            else if (in_crlf)
                mode[1] = 't';

            if (num_svs > 1) {
                fp = PerlProc_popen_list(mode,num_svs,svp);
            }
            else {
                fp = PerlProc_popen(name,mode);
            }
            IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_PIPE;
            if (num_svs) {
                while (isSPACE(*type))
                    type++;
                if (*type) {
                    if (PerlIO_apply_layers(aTHX_ fp, mode, type) != 0) {
                        fp = NULL;
                        goto say_false;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        else { /* layer(Args) */
            if (num_svs)
                goto unknown_open_mode;
            name = type;
            IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_RDONLY;
            for (; isSPACE(*name); name++)
                ;
            mode[0] = 'r';

            if (in_raw)
                mode[1] = 'b';
            else if (in_crlf)
                mode[1] = 't';

            if (*name == '-' && name[1] == '\0') {
                fp = PerlIO_stdin();
                IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_STD;
            }
            else {
                if (num_svs) {
                    fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,mode,-1,0,0,NULL,num_svs,svp);
                }
                else {
                    SV *namesv = newSVpvn_flags(type, tend - type, SVs_TEMP);
                    type = NULL;
                    fp = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,mode,-1,0,0,NULL,1,&namesv);
                }
            }
        }
    }

  say_false:
    return openn_cleanup(gv, io, fp, mode, oname, saveifp, saveofp, savefd,
                         savetype, writing, was_fdopen, type, NULL);
}

/* Yes, this is ugly, but it's private, and I don't see a cleaner way to
   simplify the two-headed public interface of do_openn. */
static bool
S_openn_cleanup(pTHX_ GV *gv, IO *io, PerlIO *fp, char *mode, const char *oname,
                PerlIO *saveifp, PerlIO *saveofp, int savefd, char savetype,
                int writing, bool was_fdopen, const char *type, Stat_t *statbufp)
{
    int fd;
    Stat_t statbuf;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_OPENN_CLEANUP;

    Zero(&statbuf, 1, Stat_t);

    if (!fp) {
        if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_RDONLY && ckWARN(WARN_NEWLINE)
            && should_warn_nl(oname)
            
        )
        {
            GCC_DIAG_IGNORE_STMT(-Wformat-nonliteral); /* PL_warn_nl is constant */
            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_NEWLINE), PL_warn_nl, "open");
            GCC_DIAG_RESTORE_STMT;
        }
        goto say_false;
    }

    if (ckWARN(WARN_IO)) {
        if ((IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_RDONLY) &&
            (fp == PerlIO_stdout() || fp == PerlIO_stderr())) {
                Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                            "Filehandle STD%s reopened as %" HEKf
                            " only for input",
                            ((fp == PerlIO_stdout()) ? "OUT" : "ERR"),
                            HEKfARG(GvENAME_HEK(gv)));
        }
        else if ((IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_WRONLY) && fp == PerlIO_stdin()) {
                Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                    "Filehandle STDIN reopened as %" HEKf " only for output",
                     HEKfARG(GvENAME_HEK(gv))
                );
        }
    }

    fd = PerlIO_fileno(fp);
    /* Do NOT do: "if (fd < 0) goto say_false;" here.  If there is no
     * fd assume it isn't a socket - this covers PerlIO::scalar -
     * otherwise unless we "know" the type probe for socket-ness.
     */
    if (IoTYPE(io) && IoTYPE(io) != IoTYPE_PIPE && IoTYPE(io) != IoTYPE_STD && fd >= 0) {
        if (PerlLIO_fstat(fd,&statbuf) < 0) {
            /* If PerlIO claims to have fd we had better be able to fstat() it. */
            (void) PerlIO_close(fp);
            goto say_false;
        }
#ifndef PERL_MICRO
        if (S_ISSOCK(statbuf.st_mode))
            IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_SOCKET;	/* in case a socket was passed in to us */
#ifdef HAS_SOCKET
        else if (
            !(statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT)
            && IoTYPE(io) != IoTYPE_WRONLY  /* Dups of STD* filehandles already have */
            && IoTYPE(io) != IoTYPE_RDONLY  /* type so they aren't marked as sockets */
        ) {				    /* on OS's that return 0 on fstat()ed pipe */
             char tmpbuf[256];
             Sock_size_t buflen = sizeof tmpbuf;
             if (PerlSock_getsockname(fd, (struct sockaddr *)tmpbuf, &buflen) >= 0
                      || errno != ENOTSOCK)
                    IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_SOCKET; /* some OS's return 0 on fstat()ed socket */
                                                /* but some return 0 for streams too, sigh */
        }
#endif /* HAS_SOCKET */
#endif /* !PERL_MICRO */
    }

    /* Eeek - FIXME !!!
     * If this is a standard handle we discard all the layer stuff
     * and just dup the fd into whatever was on the handle before !
     */

    if (saveifp) {		/* must use old fp? */
        /* If fd is less that PL_maxsysfd i.e. STDIN..STDERR
           then dup the new fileno down
         */
        if (saveofp) {
            PerlIO_flush(saveofp);	/* emulate PerlIO_close() */
            if (saveofp != saveifp) {	/* was a socket? */
                PerlIO_close(saveofp);
            }
        }
        if (savefd != fd) {
            /* Still a small can-of-worms here if (say) PerlIO::scalar
               is assigned to (say) STDOUT - for now let dup2() fail
               and provide the error
             */
            if (fd < 0) {
                SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                goto say_false;
            } else if (PerlLIO_dup2(fd, savefd) < 0) {
                (void)PerlIO_close(fp);
                goto say_false;
            }
#ifdef VMS
            if (savefd != PerlIO_fileno(PerlIO_stdin())) {
                char newname[FILENAME_MAX+1];
                if (PerlIO_getname(fp, newname)) {
                    if (fd == PerlIO_fileno(PerlIO_stdout()))
                        vmssetuserlnm("SYS$OUTPUT", newname);
                    if (fd == PerlIO_fileno(PerlIO_stderr()))
                        vmssetuserlnm("SYS$ERROR", newname);
                }
            }
#endif

#if !defined(WIN32)
           /* PL_fdpid isn't used on Windows, so avoid this useless work.
            * XXX Probably the same for a lot of other places. */
            {
                Pid_t pid;
                SV *sv;

                sv = *av_fetch(PL_fdpid,fd,TRUE);
                SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_IV);
                pid = SvIVX(sv);
                SvIV_set(sv, 0);
                sv = *av_fetch(PL_fdpid,savefd,TRUE);
                SvUPGRADE(sv, SVt_IV);
                SvIV_set(sv, pid);
            }
#endif

            if (was_fdopen) {
                /* need to close fp without closing underlying fd */
                int ofd = PerlIO_fileno(fp);
                int dupfd = ofd >= 0 ? PerlLIO_dup_cloexec(ofd) : -1;
                if (ofd < 0 || dupfd < 0) {
                    if (dupfd >= 0)
                        PerlLIO_close(dupfd);
                    goto say_false;
                }
                PerlIO_close(fp);
                PerlLIO_dup2_cloexec(dupfd, ofd);
                setfd_inhexec_for_sysfd(ofd);
                PerlLIO_close(dupfd);
            }
            else
                PerlIO_close(fp);
        }
        fp = saveifp;
        PerlIO_clearerr(fp);
        fd = PerlIO_fileno(fp);
    }
    IoIFP(io) = fp;

    IoFLAGS(io) &= ~IOf_NOLINE;
    if (writing) {
        if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_SOCKET
            || (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_WRONLY && fd >= 0 && S_ISCHR(statbuf.st_mode)) ) {
            char *s = mode;
            if (*s == IoTYPE_IMPLICIT || *s == IoTYPE_NUMERIC)
              s++;
            *s = 'w';
            if (!(IoOFP(io) = PerlIO_openn(aTHX_ type,s,fd,0,0,NULL,0,NULL))) {
                PerlIO_close(fp);
                goto say_false;
            }
        }
        else
            IoOFP(io) = fp;
    }
    if (statbufp)
        *statbufp = statbuf;

    return TRUE;

  say_false:
    IoIFP(io) = saveifp;
    IoOFP(io) = saveofp;
    IoTYPE(io) = savetype;
    return FALSE;
}

/* Open a temp file in the same directory as an original name.
*/

static bool
S_openindirtemp(pTHX_ GV *gv, SV *orig_name, SV *temp_out_name) {
    int fd;
    PerlIO *fp;
    const char *p = SvPV_nolen(orig_name);
    const char *sep;

    /* look for the last directory separator */
    sep = strrchr(p, '/');

#ifdef DOSISH
    {
        const char *sep2;
        if ((sep2 = strrchr(sep ? sep : p, '\\')))
            sep = sep2;
    }
#endif
#ifdef VMS
    if (!sep) {
        const char *openp = strchr(p, '[');
        if (openp)
            sep = strchr(openp, ']');
        else {
            sep = strchr(p, ':');
        }
    }
#endif
    if (sep) {
        sv_setpvn(temp_out_name, p, sep - p + 1);
        sv_catpvs(temp_out_name, "XXXXXXXX");
    }
    else
        sv_setpvs(temp_out_name, "XXXXXXXX");

    {
      int old_umask = umask(0177);
      fd = Perl_my_mkstemp_cloexec(SvPVX(temp_out_name));
      umask(old_umask);
    }

    if (fd < 0)
        return FALSE;

    fp = PerlIO_fdopen(fd, "w+");
    if (!fp)
        return FALSE;

    return do_openn(gv, "+>&", 3, 0, 0, 0, fp, NULL, 0);
}

#if defined(HAS_UNLINKAT) && defined(HAS_RENAMEAT) && defined(HAS_FCHMODAT) && \
    (defined(HAS_DIRFD) || defined(HAS_DIR_DD_FD)) && !defined(NO_USE_ATFUNCTIONS) && \
    defined(HAS_LINKAT)
#  define ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
#endif

/* Win32 doesn't necessarily return useful information
 * in st_dev, st_ino.
 */
#ifndef DOSISH
#  define ARGV_USE_STAT_INO
#endif

#define ARGVMG_BACKUP_NAME 0
#define ARGVMG_TEMP_NAME 1
#define ARGVMG_ORIG_NAME 2
#define ARGVMG_ORIG_MODE 3
#define ARGVMG_ORIG_PID 4

/* we store the entire stat_t since the ino_t and dev_t values might
   not fit in an IV.  I could have created a new structure and
   transferred them across, but this seemed too much effort for very
   little win.

   We store it even when the *at() functions are available, since
   while the C runtime might have definitions for these functions, the
   operating system or a specific filesystem might not implement them.
   eg. NetBSD 6 implements linkat() but only where the fds are AT_FDCWD.
 */
#ifdef ARGV_USE_STAT_INO
#  define ARGVMG_ORIG_CWD_STAT 5
#endif

#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
#  define ARGVMG_ORIG_DIRP 6
#endif

#ifdef ENOTSUP
#define NotSupported(e) ((e) == ENOSYS || (e) == ENOTSUP)
#else
#define NotSupported(e) ((e) == ENOSYS)
#endif

static int
S_argvout_free(pTHX_ SV *io, MAGIC *mg) {
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(io);

    /* note this can be entered once the file has been
       successfully deleted too */
    assert(IoTYPE(io) != IoTYPE_PIPE);

    /* mg_obj can be NULL if a thread is created with the handle open, in which
     case we leave any clean up to the parent thread */
    if (mg->mg_obj) {
#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
        SV **dir_psv;
        DIR *dir;

        dir_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_ORIG_DIRP, FALSE);
        assert(dir_psv && *dir_psv && SvIOK(*dir_psv));
        dir = INT2PTR(DIR *, SvIV(*dir_psv));
#endif
        if (IoIFP(io)) {
            if (PL_phase == PERL_PHASE_DESTRUCT && PL_statusvalue == 0) {
                (void)argvout_final(mg, (IO*)io, FALSE);
            }
            else {
                SV **pid_psv;
                PerlIO *iop = IoIFP(io);

                assert(SvTYPE(mg->mg_obj) == SVt_PVAV);

                pid_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_ORIG_PID, FALSE);

                assert(pid_psv && *pid_psv);

                if (SvIV(*pid_psv) == (IV)PerlProc_getpid()) {
                    /* if we get here the file hasn't been closed explicitly by the
                       user and hadn't been closed implicitly by nextargv(), so
                       abandon the edit */
                    SV **temp_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_TEMP_NAME, FALSE);
                    const char *temp_pv = SvPVX(*temp_psv);

                    assert(temp_psv && *temp_psv && SvPOK(*temp_psv));
                    (void)PerlIO_close(iop);
                    IoIFP(io) = IoOFP(io) = NULL;
#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
                    if (dir) {
                        if (unlinkat(my_dirfd(dir), temp_pv, 0) < 0 &&
                            NotSupported(errno))
                            (void)UNLINK(temp_pv);
                    }
#else
                    (void)UNLINK(temp_pv);
#endif
                }
            }
        }
#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
        if (dir)
            closedir(dir);
#endif
    }

    return 0;
}

static int
S_argvout_dup(pTHX_ MAGIC *mg, CLONE_PARAMS *param) {
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(param);

    /* ideally we could just remove the magic from the SV but we don't get the SV here */
    SvREFCNT_dec(mg->mg_obj);
    mg->mg_obj = NULL;

    return 0;
}

/* Magic of this type has an AV containing the following:
   0: name of the backup file (if any)
   1: name of the temp output file
   2: name of the original file
   3: file mode of the original file
   4: pid of the process we opened at, to prevent doing the renaming
      etc in both the child and the parent after a fork

If we have useful inode/device ids in stat_t we also keep:
   5: a stat of the original current working directory

If we have unlinkat(), renameat(), fchmodat(), dirfd() we also keep:
   6: the DIR * for the current directory when we open the file, stored as an IV
 */

static const MGVTBL argvout_vtbl =
    {
        NULL, /* svt_get */
        NULL, /* svt_set */
        NULL, /* svt_len */
        NULL, /* svt_clear */
        S_argvout_free, /* svt_free */
        NULL, /* svt_copy */
        S_argvout_dup,  /* svt_dup */
        NULL /* svt_local */
    };

PerlIO *
Perl_nextargv(pTHX_ GV *gv, bool nomagicopen)
{
    IO * const io = GvIOp(gv);
    SV *const old_out_name = PL_inplace ? newSVsv(GvSV(gv)) : NULL;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_NEXTARGV;

    if (old_out_name)
        SAVEFREESV(old_out_name);

    if (!PL_argvoutgv)
        PL_argvoutgv = gv_fetchpvs("ARGVOUT", GV_ADD|GV_NOTQUAL, SVt_PVIO);
    if (io && (IoFLAGS(io) & (IOf_ARGV|IOf_START)) == (IOf_ARGV|IOf_START)) {
        IoFLAGS(io) &= ~IOf_START;
        if (PL_inplace) {
            assert(PL_defoutgv);
            Perl_av_create_and_push(aTHX_ &PL_argvout_stack,
                                    SvREFCNT_inc_simple_NN(PL_defoutgv));
        }
    }

    {
        IO * const io = GvIOp(PL_argvoutgv);
        if (io && IoIFP(io) && old_out_name) {
            do_close(PL_argvoutgv, FALSE);
        }
    }

    PL_lastfd = -1;
    PL_filemode = 0;
    if (!GvAV(gv))
        return NULL;
    while (av_count(GvAV(gv)) > 0) {
        STRLEN oldlen;
        SV *const sv = av_shift(GvAV(gv));
        SAVEFREESV(sv);
        SvTAINTED_off(GvSVn(gv)); /* previous tainting irrelevant */
        sv_setsv(GvSVn(gv),sv);
        SvSETMAGIC(GvSV(gv));
        PL_oldname = SvPVx(GvSV(gv), oldlen);
        if (LIKELY(!PL_inplace)) {
            if (nomagicopen
                    ? do_open6(gv, "<", 1, NULL, &GvSV(gv), 1)
                    : do_open6(gv, PL_oldname, oldlen, NULL, NULL, 0)
               ) {
                return IoIFP(GvIOp(gv));
            }
        }
        else {
            Stat_t statbuf;
            /* This very long block ends with return IoIFP(GvIOp(gv));
               Both this block and the block above fall through on open
               failure to the warning code, and then the while loop above tries
               the next entry. */
            if (do_open_raw(gv, PL_oldname, oldlen, O_RDONLY, 0, &statbuf)) {
#ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
                int filedev;
                int fileino;
#endif
#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
                DIR *curdir;
#endif
                Uid_t fileuid;
                Gid_t filegid;
                AV *magic_av = NULL;
                SV *temp_name_sv = NULL;
                MAGIC *mg;

                TAINT_PROPER("inplace open");
                if (oldlen == 1 && *PL_oldname == '-') {
                    setdefout(gv_fetchpvs("STDOUT", GV_ADD|GV_NOTQUAL,
                                          SVt_PVIO));
                    return IoIFP(GvIOp(gv));
                }
#ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
                filedev = statbuf.st_dev;
                fileino = statbuf.st_ino;
#endif
                PL_filemode = statbuf.st_mode;
                fileuid = statbuf.st_uid;
                filegid = statbuf.st_gid;
                if (!S_ISREG(PL_filemode)) {
                    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_INPLACE),
                                     "Can't do inplace edit: %s is not a regular file",
                                     PL_oldname );
                    do_close(gv,FALSE);
                    continue;
                }
                magic_av = newAV();
                if (*PL_inplace && strNE(PL_inplace, "*")) {
                    const char *star = strchr(PL_inplace, '*');
                    if (star) {
                        const char *begin = PL_inplace;
                        SvPVCLEAR(sv);
                        do {
                            sv_catpvn(sv, begin, star - begin);
                            sv_catpvn(sv, PL_oldname, oldlen);
                            begin = ++star;
                        } while ((star = strchr(begin, '*')));
                        if (*begin)
                            sv_catpv(sv,begin);
                    }
                    else {
                        sv_catpv(sv,PL_inplace);
                    }
#ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
                    if ((PerlLIO_stat(SvPVX_const(sv),&statbuf) >= 0
                         && statbuf.st_dev == filedev
                         && statbuf.st_ino == fileino)
                      )
                    {
                        Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_INPLACE),
                                         "Can't do inplace edit: %"
                                         SVf " would not be unique",
                                         SVfARG(sv));
                        goto cleanup_argv;
                    }
#endif
                    av_store(magic_av, ARGVMG_BACKUP_NAME, newSVsv(sv));
                }

                sv_setpvn(sv,PL_oldname,oldlen);
                SETERRNO(0,0);		/* in case sprintf set errno */
                temp_name_sv = newSV(0);
                if (!S_openindirtemp(aTHX_ PL_argvoutgv, GvSV(gv), temp_name_sv)) {
                    SvREFCNT_dec(temp_name_sv);
                    /* diag_listed_as: Can't do inplace edit on %s: %s */
                    Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_INPLACE), "Can't do inplace edit on %s: Cannot make temp name: %s",
                                     PL_oldname, Strerror(errno) );
#ifndef FLEXFILENAMES
                cleanup_argv:
#endif
                    do_close(gv,FALSE);
                    SvREFCNT_dec(magic_av);
                    continue;
                }
                av_store(magic_av, ARGVMG_TEMP_NAME, temp_name_sv);
                av_store(magic_av, ARGVMG_ORIG_NAME, newSVsv(sv));
                av_store(magic_av, ARGVMG_ORIG_MODE, newSVuv(PL_filemode));
                av_store(magic_av, ARGVMG_ORIG_PID, newSViv((IV)PerlProc_getpid()));
#if defined(ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS)
                curdir = opendir(".");
                av_store(magic_av, ARGVMG_ORIG_DIRP, newSViv(PTR2IV(curdir)));
#elif defined(ARGV_USE_STAT_INO)
                if (PerlLIO_stat(".", &statbuf) >= 0) {
                    av_store(magic_av, ARGVMG_ORIG_CWD_STAT,
                             newSVpvn((char *)&statbuf, sizeof(statbuf)));
                }
#endif
                setdefout(PL_argvoutgv);
                sv_setsv(GvSVn(PL_argvoutgv), temp_name_sv);
                mg = sv_magicext((SV*)GvIOp(PL_argvoutgv), (SV*)magic_av, PERL_MAGIC_uvar, &argvout_vtbl, NULL, 0);
                mg->mg_flags |= MGf_DUP;
                SvREFCNT_dec(magic_av);
                PL_lastfd = PerlIO_fileno(IoIFP(GvIOp(PL_argvoutgv)));
                if (PL_lastfd >= 0) {
                    (void)PerlLIO_fstat(PL_lastfd,&statbuf);
#ifdef HAS_FCHMOD
                    (void)fchmod(PL_lastfd,PL_filemode);
#else
                    (void)PerlLIO_chmod(PL_oldname,PL_filemode);
#endif
                    if (fileuid != statbuf.st_uid || filegid != statbuf.st_gid) {
                        /* XXX silently ignore failures */
#ifdef HAS_FCHOWN
                        PERL_UNUSED_RESULT(fchown(PL_lastfd,fileuid,filegid));
#elif defined(HAS_CHOWN)
                        PERL_UNUSED_RESULT(PerlLIO_chown(PL_oldname,fileuid,filegid));
#endif
                    }
                }
                return IoIFP(GvIOp(gv));
            }
        } /* successful do_open_raw(), PL_inplace non-NULL */

        if (ckWARN_d(WARN_INPLACE)) {
            const int eno = errno;
            Stat_t statbuf;
            if (PerlLIO_stat(PL_oldname, &statbuf) >= 0
                && !S_ISREG(statbuf.st_mode)) {
                Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_INPLACE),
                            "Can't do inplace edit: %s is not a regular file",
                            PL_oldname);
            }
            else {
                Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_INPLACE), "Can't open %s: %s",
                            PL_oldname, Strerror(eno));
            }
        }
    }
    if (io && (IoFLAGS(io) & IOf_ARGV))
        IoFLAGS(io) |= IOf_START;
    if (PL_inplace) {
        if (io && (IoFLAGS(io) & IOf_ARGV)
            && PL_argvout_stack && AvFILLp(PL_argvout_stack) >= 0)
        {
            GV * const oldout = MUTABLE_GV(av_pop(PL_argvout_stack));
            setdefout(oldout);
            SvREFCNT_dec_NN(oldout);
            return NULL;
        }
        setdefout(gv_fetchpvs("STDOUT", GV_ADD|GV_NOTQUAL, SVt_PVIO));
    }
    return NULL;
}

#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
#  if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)

/* FreeBSD 11 renameat() mis-behaves strangely with absolute paths in cases where the
 * equivalent rename() succeeds
 */
static int
S_my_renameat(int olddfd, const char *oldpath, int newdfd, const char *newpath) {
    /* this is intended only for use in Perl_do_close() */
    assert(olddfd == newdfd);
    assert(PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE(oldpath) == PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE(newpath));
    if (PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE(oldpath)) {
        return PerlLIO_rename(oldpath, newpath);
    }
    else {
        return renameat(olddfd, oldpath, newdfd, newpath);
    }
}

#  else
#    define S_my_renameat(dh1, pv1, dh2, pv2) renameat((dh1), (pv1), (dh2), (pv2))
#  endif /* if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__) */
#endif

static bool
S_dir_unchanged(pTHX_ const char *orig_pv, MAGIC *mg) {
    Stat_t statbuf;

#ifdef ARGV_USE_STAT_INO
    SV **stat_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_ORIG_CWD_STAT, FALSE);
    Stat_t *orig_cwd_stat = stat_psv && *stat_psv ? (Stat_t *)SvPVX(*stat_psv) : NULL;

    /* if the path is absolute the possible moving of cwd (which the file
       might be in) isn't our problem.
       This code tries to be reasonably balanced about detecting a changed
       CWD, if we have the information needed to check that curdir has changed, we
       check it
    */
    if (!PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE(orig_pv)
        && orig_cwd_stat
        && PerlLIO_stat(".", &statbuf) >= 0
        && ( statbuf.st_dev != orig_cwd_stat->st_dev
                     || statbuf.st_ino != orig_cwd_stat->st_ino)) {
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Cannot complete in-place edit of %s: %s",
                   orig_pv, "Current directory has changed");
    }
#else
    SV **temp_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_TEMP_NAME, FALSE);

    /* Some platforms don't have useful st_ino etc, so just
       check we can see the work file.
    */
    if (!PERL_FILE_IS_ABSOLUTE(orig_pv)
        && PerlLIO_stat(SvPVX(*temp_psv), &statbuf) < 0) {
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Cannot complete in-place edit of %s: %s",
                   orig_pv,
                   "Work file is missing - did you change directory?");
    }
#endif

    return TRUE;
}

#define dir_unchanged(orig_psv, mg) \
    S_dir_unchanged(aTHX_ (orig_psv), (mg))

STATIC bool
S_argvout_final(pTHX_ MAGIC *mg, IO *io, bool not_implicit) {
    bool retval;

    /* ensure args are checked before we start using them */
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_ARGVOUT_FINAL;

    {
        /* handle to an in-place edit work file */
        SV **back_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_BACKUP_NAME, FALSE);
        SV **temp_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_TEMP_NAME, FALSE);
        /* PL_oldname may have been modified by a nested ARGV use at this point */
        SV **orig_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_ORIG_NAME, FALSE);
        SV **mode_psv = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_ORIG_MODE, FALSE);
        SV **pid_psv  = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_ORIG_PID, FALSE);
#if defined(ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS)
        SV **dir_psv  = av_fetch((AV*)mg->mg_obj, ARGVMG_ORIG_DIRP, FALSE);
        DIR *dir;
        int dfd;
#endif
        UV mode;
        int fd;

        const char *orig_pv;

        assert(temp_psv && *temp_psv);
        assert(orig_psv && *orig_psv);
        assert(mode_psv && *mode_psv);
        assert(pid_psv && *pid_psv);
#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
        assert(dir_psv && *dir_psv);
        dir = INT2PTR(DIR *, SvIVX(*dir_psv));
        dfd = my_dirfd(dir);
#endif

        orig_pv = SvPVX(*orig_psv);
        mode = SvUV(*mode_psv);

        if ((mode & (S_ISUID|S_ISGID)) != 0
            && (fd = PerlIO_fileno(IoIFP(io))) >= 0) {
            (void)PerlIO_flush(IoIFP(io));
#ifdef HAS_FCHMOD
            (void)fchmod(fd, mode);
#else
            (void)PerlLIO_chmod(orig_pv, mode);
#endif
        }

        retval = io_close(io, NULL, not_implicit, FALSE);

        if (SvIV(*pid_psv) != (IV)PerlProc_getpid()) {
            /* this is a child process, don't duplicate our rename() etc
               processing below */
            goto freext;
        }

        if (retval) {
#if defined(DOSISH) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
            if (PL_argvgv && GvIOp(PL_argvgv)
                && IoIFP(GvIOp(PL_argvgv))
                && (IoFLAGS(GvIOp(PL_argvgv)) & (IOf_ARGV|IOf_START)) == IOf_ARGV) {
                do_close(PL_argvgv, FALSE);
            }
#endif
#ifndef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
            if (!dir_unchanged(orig_pv, mg))
                goto abort_inplace;
#endif
            if (back_psv && *back_psv) {
#if defined(HAS_LINK) && !defined(DOSISH) && !defined(__CYGWIN__) && defined(HAS_RENAME)
                if (
#  ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
                    linkat(dfd, orig_pv, dfd, SvPVX(*back_psv), 0) < 0 &&
                    !(UNLIKELY(NotSupported(errno)) &&
                      dir_unchanged(orig_pv, mg) &&
                               link(orig_pv, SvPVX(*back_psv)) == 0)
#  else
                    link(orig_pv, SvPVX(*back_psv)) < 0
#  endif
                    )
#endif
                {
#ifdef HAS_RENAME
                    if (
#  ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
                        S_my_renameat(dfd, orig_pv, dfd, SvPVX(*back_psv)) < 0 &&
                        !(UNLIKELY(NotSupported(errno)) &&
                          dir_unchanged(orig_pv, mg) &&
                          PerlLIO_rename(orig_pv, SvPVX(*back_psv)) == 0)
#  else
                        PerlLIO_rename(orig_pv, SvPVX(*back_psv)) < 0
#  endif
                        ) {
                        if (!not_implicit) {
#  ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
                            if (unlinkat(dfd, SvPVX_const(*temp_psv), 0) < 0 &&
                                UNLIKELY(NotSupported(errno)) &&
                                dir_unchanged(orig_pv, mg))
                                (void)UNLINK(SvPVX_const(*temp_psv));
#  else
                            UNLINK(SvPVX(*temp_psv));
#  endif
                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
                                       SvPVX(*orig_psv), SvPVX(*back_psv), Strerror(errno));
                        }
                        /* should we warn here? */
                        goto abort_inplace;
                    }
#else
                    (void)UNLINK(SvPVX(*back_psv));
                    if (link(orig_pv, SvPVX(*back_psv))) {
                        if (!not_implicit) {
                            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't rename %s to %s: %s, skipping file",
                                       SvPVX(*orig_psv), SvPVX(*back_psv), Strerror(errno));
                        }
                        goto abort_inplace;
                    }
                    /* we need to use link() to get the temp into place too, and linK()
                       fails if the new link name exists */
                    (void)UNLINK(orig_pv);
#endif
                }
            }
#if defined(DOSISH) || defined(__CYGWIN__) || !defined(HAS_RENAME)
            else {
                UNLINK(orig_pv);
            }
#endif
            if (
#if !defined(HAS_RENAME)
                link(SvPVX(*temp_psv), orig_pv) < 0
#elif defined(ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS)
                S_my_renameat(dfd, SvPVX(*temp_psv), dfd, orig_pv) < 0 &&
                !(UNLIKELY(NotSupported(errno)) &&
                  dir_unchanged(orig_pv, mg) &&
                  PerlLIO_rename(SvPVX(*temp_psv), orig_pv) == 0)
#else
                PerlLIO_rename(SvPVX(*temp_psv), orig_pv) < 0
#endif
                ) {
                if (!not_implicit) {
#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
                    if (unlinkat(dfd, SvPVX_const(*temp_psv), 0) < 0 &&
                        NotSupported(errno))
                        UNLINK(SvPVX(*temp_psv));
#else
                    UNLINK(SvPVX(*temp_psv));
#endif
                    /* diag_listed_as: Cannot complete in-place edit of %s: %s */
                    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Cannot complete in-place edit of %s: failed to rename work file '%s' to '%s': %s",
                               orig_pv, SvPVX(*temp_psv), orig_pv, Strerror(errno));
                }
            abort_inplace:
                UNLINK(SvPVX_const(*temp_psv));
                retval = FALSE;
            }
#ifndef HAS_RENAME
            UNLINK(SvPVX(*temp_psv));
#endif
        }
        else {
#ifdef ARGV_USE_ATFUNCTIONS
            if (unlinkat(dfd, SvPVX_const(*temp_psv), 0) &&
                NotSupported(errno))
                UNLINK(SvPVX_const(*temp_psv));
                
#else
            UNLINK(SvPVX_const(*temp_psv));
#endif
            if (!not_implicit) {
                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Failed to close in-place work file %s: %s",
                           SvPVX(*temp_psv), Strerror(errno));
            }
        }
 freext:
        ;
    }
    return retval;
}

/* explicit renamed to avoid C++ conflict    -- kja */
bool
Perl_do_close(pTHX_ GV *gv, bool not_implicit)
{
    bool retval;
    IO *io;
    MAGIC *mg;

    if (!gv)
        gv = PL_argvgv;
    if (!gv || !isGV_with_GP(gv)) {
        if (not_implicit)
            SETERRNO(EBADF,SS_IVCHAN);
        return FALSE;
    }
    io = GvIO(gv);
    if (!io) {		/* never opened */
        if (not_implicit) {
            report_evil_fh(gv);
            SETERRNO(EBADF,SS_IVCHAN);
        }
        return FALSE;
    }
    if ((mg = mg_findext((SV*)io, PERL_MAGIC_uvar, &argvout_vtbl))
        && mg->mg_obj) {
        retval = argvout_final(mg, io, not_implicit);
        mg_freeext((SV*)io, PERL_MAGIC_uvar, &argvout_vtbl);
    }
    else {
        retval = io_close(io, NULL, not_implicit, FALSE);
    }
    if (not_implicit) {
        IoLINES(io) = 0;
        IoPAGE(io) = 0;
        IoLINES_LEFT(io) = IoPAGE_LEN(io);
    }
    IoTYPE(io) = IoTYPE_CLOSED;
    return retval;
}

bool
Perl_io_close(pTHX_ IO *io, GV *gv, bool not_implicit, bool warn_on_fail)
{
    bool retval = FALSE;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_IO_CLOSE;

    if (IoIFP(io)) {
        if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_PIPE) {
            PerlIO *fh = IoIFP(io);
            int status;

            /* my_pclose() can propagate signals which might bypass any code
               after the call here if the signal handler throws an exception.
               This would leave the handle in the IO object and try to close it again
               when the SV is destroyed on unwind or global destruction.
               So NULL it early.
            */
            IoOFP(io) = IoIFP(io) = NULL;
            status = PerlProc_pclose(fh);
            if (not_implicit) {
                STATUS_NATIVE_CHILD_SET(status);
                retval = (STATUS_UNIX == 0);
            }
            else {
                retval = (status != -1);
            }
        }
        else if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_STD)
            retval = TRUE;
        else {
            if (IoOFP(io) && IoOFP(io) != IoIFP(io)) {		/* a socket */
                const bool prev_err = PerlIO_error(IoOFP(io));
#ifdef USE_PERLIO
                if (prev_err)
                    PerlIO_restore_errno(IoOFP(io));
#endif
                retval = (PerlIO_close(IoOFP(io)) != EOF && !prev_err);
                PerlIO_close(IoIFP(io));	/* clear stdio, fd already closed */
            }
            else {
                const bool prev_err = PerlIO_error(IoIFP(io));
#ifdef USE_PERLIO
                if (prev_err)
                    PerlIO_restore_errno(IoIFP(io));
#endif
                retval = (PerlIO_close(IoIFP(io)) != EOF && !prev_err);
            }
        }
        IoOFP(io) = IoIFP(io) = NULL;

        if (warn_on_fail && !retval) {
            if (gv)
                Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                                "Warning: unable to close filehandle %"
                                 HEKf " properly: %" SVf,
                                 HEKfARG(GvNAME_HEK(gv)),
                                 SVfARG(get_sv("!",GV_ADD)));
            else
                Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                                "Warning: unable to close filehandle "
                                "properly: %" SVf,
                                 SVfARG(get_sv("!",GV_ADD)));
        }
    }
    else if (not_implicit) {
        SETERRNO(EBADF,SS_IVCHAN);
    }

    return retval;
}

bool
Perl_do_eof(pTHX_ GV *gv)
{
    IO * const io = GvIO(gv);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_EOF;

    if (!io)
        return TRUE;
    else if (IoTYPE(io) == IoTYPE_WRONLY)
        report_wrongway_fh(gv, '>');

    while (IoIFP(io)) {
        if (PerlIO_has_cntptr(IoIFP(io))) {	/* (the code works without this) */
            if (PerlIO_get_cnt(IoIFP(io)) > 0)	/* cheat a little, since */
                return FALSE;			/* this is the most usual case */
        }

        {
             /* getc and ungetc can stomp on errno */
            dSAVE_ERRNO;
            const int ch = PerlIO_getc(IoIFP(io));
            if (ch != EOF) {
                (void)PerlIO_ungetc(IoIFP(io),ch);
                RESTORE_ERRNO;
                return FALSE;
            }
            RESTORE_ERRNO;
        }

        if (PerlIO_has_cntptr(IoIFP(io)) && PerlIO_canset_cnt(IoIFP(io))) {
            if (PerlIO_get_cnt(IoIFP(io)) < -1)
                PerlIO_set_cnt(IoIFP(io),-1);
        }
        if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_SPECIAL) { /* not necessarily a real EOF yet? */
            if (gv != PL_argvgv || !nextargv(gv, FALSE))	/* get another fp handy */
                return TRUE;
        }
        else
            return TRUE;		/* normal fp, definitely end of file */
    }
    return TRUE;
}

Off_t
Perl_do_tell(pTHX_ GV *gv)
{
    IO *const io = GvIO(gv);
    PerlIO *fp;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_TELL;

    if (io && (fp = IoIFP(io))) {
        return PerlIO_tell(fp);
    }
    report_evil_fh(gv);
    SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
    return (Off_t)-1;
}

bool
Perl_do_seek(pTHX_ GV *gv, Off_t pos, int whence)
{
    IO *const io = GvIO(gv);
    PerlIO *fp;

    if (io && (fp = IoIFP(io))) {
        return PerlIO_seek(fp, pos, whence) >= 0;
    }
    report_evil_fh(gv);
    SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
    return FALSE;
}

Off_t
Perl_do_sysseek(pTHX_ GV *gv, Off_t pos, int whence)
{
    IO *const io = GvIO(gv);
    PerlIO *fp;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_SYSSEEK;

    if (io && (fp = IoIFP(io))) {
        int fd = PerlIO_fileno(fp);
        if (fd < 0 || (whence == SEEK_SET && pos < 0)) {
            SETERRNO(EINVAL,LIB_INVARG);
            return -1;
        } else {
            return PerlLIO_lseek(fd, pos, whence);
        }
    }
    report_evil_fh(gv);
    SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
    return (Off_t)-1;
}

int
Perl_mode_from_discipline(pTHX_ const char *s, STRLEN len)
{
    int mode = O_BINARY;
    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
    if (s) {
        while (*s) {
            if (*s == ':') {
                switch (s[1]) {
                case 'r':
                    if (s[2] == 'a' && s[3] == 'w'
                        && (!s[4] || s[4] == ':' || isSPACE(s[4])))
                    {
                        mode = O_BINARY;
                        s += 4;
                        len -= 4;
                        break;
                    }
                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case 'c':
                    if (s[2] == 'r' && s[3] == 'l' && s[4] == 'f'
                        && (!s[5] || s[5] == ':' || isSPACE(s[5])))
                    {
                        mode = O_TEXT;
                        s += 5;
                        len -= 5;
                        break;
                    }
                    /* FALLTHROUGH */
                default:
                    goto fail_discipline;
                }
            }
            else if (isSPACE(*s)) {
                ++s;
                --len;
            }
            else {
                const char *end;
  fail_discipline:
                end = (char *) memchr(s+1, ':', len);
                if (!end)
                    end = s+len;
#ifndef PERLIO_LAYERS
                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "IO layers (like '%.*s') unavailable", end-s, s);
#else
                len -= end-s;
                s = end;
#endif
            }
        }
    }
    return mode;
}

/*
=for apidoc my_chsize

The C library L<chsize(3)> if available, or a Perl implementation of it.

=cut
*/

#if !defined(HAS_TRUNCATE) && !defined(HAS_CHSIZE)
I32
my_chsize(int fd, Off_t length)
{
#  ifdef F_FREESP
        /* code courtesy of William Kucharski */
#  define HAS_CHSIZE

    Stat_t filebuf;

    if (PerlLIO_fstat(fd, &filebuf) < 0)
        return -1;

    if (filebuf.st_size < length) {

        /* extend file length */

        if ((PerlLIO_lseek(fd, (length - 1), 0)) < 0)
            return -1;

        /* write a "0" byte */

        if ((PerlLIO_write(fd, "", 1)) != 1)
            return -1;
    }
    else {
        /* truncate length */
        struct flock fl;
        fl.l_whence = 0;
        fl.l_len = 0;
        fl.l_start = length;
        fl.l_type = F_WRLCK;    /* write lock on file space */

        /*
        * This relies on the UNDOCUMENTED F_FREESP argument to
        * fcntl(2), which truncates the file so that it ends at the
        * position indicated by fl.l_start.
        *
        * Will minor miracles never cease?
        */

        if (fcntl(fd, F_FREESP, &fl) < 0)
            return -1;

    }
    return 0;
#  else
    Perl_croak_nocontext("truncate not implemented");
#  endif /* F_FREESP */
    return -1;
}
#endif /* !HAS_TRUNCATE && !HAS_CHSIZE */

bool
Perl_do_print(pTHX_ SV *sv, PerlIO *fp)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_PRINT;

    /* assuming fp is checked earlier */
    if (!sv)
        return TRUE;
    if (SvTYPE(sv) == SVt_IV && SvIOK(sv)) {
        assert(!SvGMAGICAL(sv));
        if (SvIsUV(sv))
            PerlIO_printf(fp, "%" UVuf, (UV)SvUVX(sv));
        else
            PerlIO_printf(fp, "%" IVdf, (IV)SvIVX(sv));
        return !PerlIO_error(fp);
    }
    else {
        STRLEN len;
        /* Do this first to trigger any overloading.  */
        const char *tmps = SvPV_const(sv, len);
        U8 *tmpbuf = NULL;
        bool happy = TRUE;

        if (PerlIO_isutf8(fp)) { /* If the stream is utf8 ... */
            if (!SvUTF8(sv)) {	/* Convert to utf8 if necessary */
                /* We don't modify the original scalar.  */
                tmpbuf = bytes_to_utf8((const U8*) tmps, &len);
                tmps = (char *) tmpbuf;
            }
            else if (ckWARN4_d(WARN_UTF8, WARN_SURROGATE, WARN_NON_UNICODE, WARN_NONCHAR)) {
                (void) check_utf8_print((const U8*) tmps, len);
            }
        } /* else stream isn't utf8 */
        else if (DO_UTF8(sv)) { /* But if is utf8 internally, attempt to
                                   convert to bytes */
            STRLEN tmplen = len;
            bool utf8 = TRUE;
            U8 * const result = bytes_from_utf8((const U8*) tmps, &tmplen, &utf8);
            if (!utf8) {

                /* Here, succeeded in downgrading from utf8.  Set up to below
                 * output the converted value */
                tmpbuf = result;
                tmps = (char *) tmpbuf;
                len = tmplen;
            }
            else {  /* Non-utf8 output stream, but string only representable in
                       utf8 */
                assert((char *)result == tmps);
                Perl_ck_warner_d(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_UTF8),
                                 "Wide character in %s",
                                   PL_op ? OP_DESC(PL_op) : "print"
                                );
                    /* Could also check that isn't one of the things to avoid
                     * in utf8 by using check_utf8_print(), but not doing so,
                     * since the stream isn't a UTF8 stream */
            }
        }
        /* To detect whether the process is about to overstep its
         * filesize limit we would need getrlimit().  We could then
         * also transparently raise the limit with setrlimit() --
         * but only until the system hard limit/the filesystem limit,
         * at which we would get EPERM.  Note that when using buffered
         * io the write failure can be delayed until the flush/close. --jhi */
        if (len && (PerlIO_write(fp,tmps,len) == 0))
            happy = FALSE;
        Safefree(tmpbuf);
        return happy ? !PerlIO_error(fp) : FALSE;
    }
}

I32
Perl_my_stat_flags(pTHX_ const U32 flags)
{
    dSP;
    IO *io;
    GV* gv;

    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_REF) {
        gv = cGVOP_gv;
      do_fstat:
        if (gv == PL_defgv) {
            if (PL_laststatval < 0)
                SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
            return PL_laststatval;
        }
        io = GvIO(gv);
        do_fstat_have_io:
        PL_laststype = OP_STAT;
        PL_statgv = gv ? gv : (GV *)io;
        SvPVCLEAR(PL_statname);
        if (io) {
            if (IoIFP(io)) {
                int fd = PerlIO_fileno(IoIFP(io));
                if (fd < 0) {
                    /* E.g. PerlIO::scalar has no real fd. */
                    SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                    return (PL_laststatval = -1);
                } else {
                    return (PL_laststatval = PerlLIO_fstat(fd, &PL_statcache));
                }
            } else if (IoDIRP(io)) {
                return (PL_laststatval = PerlLIO_fstat(my_dirfd(IoDIRP(io)), &PL_statcache));
            }
        }
        PL_laststatval = -1;
        report_evil_fh(gv);
        SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
        return -1;
    }
    else if ((PL_op->op_private & (OPpFT_STACKED|OPpFT_AFTER_t))
             == OPpFT_STACKED)
        return PL_laststatval;
    else {
        SV* const sv = TOPs;
        const char *s, *d;
        STRLEN len;
        if ((gv = MAYBE_DEREF_GV_flags(sv,flags))) {
            goto do_fstat;
        }
        else if (SvROK(sv) && SvTYPE(SvRV(sv)) == SVt_PVIO) {
            io = MUTABLE_IO(SvRV(sv));
            gv = NULL;
            goto do_fstat_have_io;
        }

        s = SvPV_flags_const(sv, len, flags);
        PL_statgv = NULL;
        sv_setpvn(PL_statname, s, len);
        d = SvPVX_const(PL_statname);		/* s now NUL-terminated */
        PL_laststype = OP_STAT;
        if (!IS_SAFE_PATHNAME(s, len, OP_NAME(PL_op))) {
            PL_laststatval = -1;
        }
        else {
            PL_laststatval = PerlLIO_stat(d, &PL_statcache);
        }
        if (PL_laststatval < 0 && ckWARN(WARN_NEWLINE) && should_warn_nl(s)) {
            GCC_DIAG_IGNORE_STMT(-Wformat-nonliteral); /* PL_warn_nl is constant */
            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_NEWLINE), PL_warn_nl, "stat");
            GCC_DIAG_RESTORE_STMT;
        }
        return PL_laststatval;
    }
}


I32
Perl_my_lstat_flags(pTHX_ const U32 flags)
{
    static const char* const no_prev_lstat = "The stat preceding -l _ wasn't an lstat";
    dSP;
    const char *file;
    STRLEN len;
    SV* const sv = TOPs;
    bool isio = FALSE;
    if (PL_op->op_flags & OPf_REF) {
        if (cGVOP_gv == PL_defgv) {
            if (PL_laststype != OP_LSTAT)
                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s", no_prev_lstat);
            if (PL_laststatval < 0)
                SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
            return PL_laststatval;
        }
        PL_laststatval = -1;
        if (ckWARN(WARN_IO)) {
            /* diag_listed_as: Use of -l on filehandle%s */
            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                              "Use of -l on filehandle %" HEKf,
                              HEKfARG(GvENAME_HEK(cGVOP_gv)));
        }
        SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
        return -1;
    }
    if ((PL_op->op_private & (OPpFT_STACKED|OPpFT_AFTER_t))
             == OPpFT_STACKED) {
      if (PL_laststype != OP_LSTAT)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s", no_prev_lstat);
      return PL_laststatval;
    }

    PL_laststype = OP_LSTAT;
    PL_statgv = NULL;
    if ( (  (SvROK(sv) && (  isGV_with_GP(SvRV(sv))
                          || (isio = SvTYPE(SvRV(sv)) == SVt_PVIO)  )
            )
         || isGV_with_GP(sv)
         )
      && ckWARN(WARN_IO)) {
        if (isio)
            /* diag_listed_as: Use of -l on filehandle%s */
            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                             "Use of -l on filehandle");
        else
            /* diag_listed_as: Use of -l on filehandle%s */
            Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_IO),
                             "Use of -l on filehandle %" HEKf,
                              HEKfARG(GvENAME_HEK((const GV *)
                                          (SvROK(sv) ? SvRV(sv) : sv))));
    }
    file = SvPV_flags_const(sv, len, flags);
    sv_setpv(PL_statname,file);
    if (!IS_SAFE_PATHNAME(file, len, OP_NAME(PL_op))) {
        PL_laststatval = -1;
    }
    else {
        PL_laststatval = PerlLIO_lstat(file,&PL_statcache);
    }
    if (PL_laststatval < 0 && ckWARN(WARN_NEWLINE) && should_warn_nl(file)) {
        GCC_DIAG_IGNORE_STMT(-Wformat-nonliteral); /* PL_warn_nl is constant */
        Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_NEWLINE), PL_warn_nl, "lstat");
        GCC_DIAG_RESTORE_STMT;
    }
    return PL_laststatval;
}

static void
S_exec_failed(pTHX_ const char *cmd, int fd, int do_report)
{
    const int e = errno;
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_EXEC_FAILED;

    if (ckWARN(WARN_EXEC))
        Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_EXEC), "Can't exec \"%s\": %s",
                    cmd, Strerror(e));
    if (do_report) {
        /* XXX silently ignore failures */
        PERL_UNUSED_RESULT(PerlLIO_write(fd, (void*)&e, sizeof(int)));
        PerlLIO_close(fd);
    }
}

bool
Perl_do_aexec5(pTHX_ SV *really, SV **mark, SV **sp,
               int fd, int do_report)
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_AEXEC5;
#if defined(__LIBCATAMOUNT__)
    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "exec? I'm not *that* kind of operating system");
#else
    assert(sp >= mark);
    ENTER;
    {
        const char **argv, **a;
        const char *tmps = NULL;
        Newx(argv, sp - mark + 1, const char*);
        SAVEFREEPV(argv);
        a = argv;

        while (++mark <= sp) {
            if (*mark) {
                char *arg = savepv(SvPV_nolen_const(*mark));
                SAVEFREEPV(arg);
                *a++ = arg;
            } else
                *a++ = "";
        }
        *a = NULL;
        if (really) {
            tmps = savepv(SvPV_nolen_const(really));
            SAVEFREEPV(tmps);
        }
        if ((!really && argv[0] && *argv[0] != '/') ||
            (really && *tmps != '/'))		/* will execvp use PATH? */
            TAINT_ENV();		/* testing IFS here is overkill, probably */
        PERL_FPU_PRE_EXEC
        if (really && *tmps) {
            PerlProc_execvp(tmps,EXEC_ARGV_CAST(argv));
        } else if (argv[0]) {
            PerlProc_execvp(argv[0],EXEC_ARGV_CAST(argv));
        } else {
            SETERRNO(ENOENT,RMS_FNF);
        }
        PERL_FPU_POST_EXEC
        S_exec_failed(aTHX_ (really ? tmps : argv[0] ? argv[0] : ""), fd, do_report);
    }
    LEAVE;
#endif
    return FALSE;
}

#ifdef PERL_DEFAULT_DO_EXEC3_IMPLEMENTATION

bool
Perl_do_exec3(pTHX_ const char *incmd, int fd, int do_report)
{
    const char **argv, **a;
    char *s;
    char *buf;
    char *cmd;
    /* Make a copy so we can change it */
    const Size_t cmdlen = strlen(incmd) + 1;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_EXEC3;

    ENTER;
    Newx(buf, cmdlen, char);
    SAVEFREEPV(buf);
    cmd = buf;
    memcpy(cmd, incmd, cmdlen);

    while (*cmd && isSPACE(*cmd))
        cmd++;

    /* save an extra exec if possible */

#ifdef CSH
    {
        char flags[PERL_FLAGS_MAX];
        if (strnEQ(cmd,PL_cshname,PL_cshlen) &&
            strBEGINs(cmd+PL_cshlen," -c")) {
          my_strlcpy(flags, "-c", PERL_FLAGS_MAX);
          s = cmd+PL_cshlen+3;
          if (*s == 'f') {
              s++;
              my_strlcat(flags, "f", PERL_FLAGS_MAX - 2);
          }
          if (*s == ' ')
              s++;
          if (*s++ == '\'') {
              char * const ncmd = s;

              while (*s)
                  s++;
              if (s[-1] == '\n')
                  *--s = '\0';
              if (s[-1] == '\'') {
                  *--s = '\0';
                  PERL_FPU_PRE_EXEC
                  PerlProc_execl(PL_cshname, "csh", flags, ncmd, (char*)NULL);
                  PERL_FPU_POST_EXEC
                  *s = '\'';
                  S_exec_failed(aTHX_ PL_cshname, fd, do_report);
                  goto leave;
              }
          }
        }
    }
#endif /* CSH */

    /* see if there are shell metacharacters in it */

    if (*cmd == '.' && isSPACE(cmd[1]))
        goto doshell;

    if (strBEGINs(cmd,"exec") && isSPACE(cmd[4]))
        goto doshell;

    s = cmd;
    while (isWORDCHAR(*s))
        s++;	/* catch VAR=val gizmo */
    if (*s == '=')
        goto doshell;

    for (s = cmd; *s; s++) {
        if (*s != ' ' && !isALPHA(*s) &&
            memCHRs("$&*(){}[]'\";\\|?<>~`\n",*s)) {
            if (*s == '\n' && !s[1]) {
                *s = '\0';
                break;
            }
            /* handle the 2>&1 construct at the end */
            if (*s == '>' && s[1] == '&' && s[2] == '1'
                && s > cmd + 1 && s[-1] == '2' && isSPACE(s[-2])
                && (!s[3] || isSPACE(s[3])))
            {
                const char *t = s + 3;

                while (*t && isSPACE(*t))
                    ++t;
                if (!*t && (PerlLIO_dup2(1,2) != -1)) {
                    s[-2] = '\0';
                    break;
                }
            }
          doshell:
            PERL_FPU_PRE_EXEC
            PerlProc_execl(PL_sh_path, "sh", "-c", cmd, (char *)NULL);
            PERL_FPU_POST_EXEC
            S_exec_failed(aTHX_ PL_sh_path, fd, do_report);
            goto leave;
        }
    }

    Newx(argv, (s - cmd) / 2 + 2, const char*);
    SAVEFREEPV(argv);
    cmd = savepvn(cmd, s-cmd);
    SAVEFREEPV(cmd);
    a = argv;
    for (s = cmd; *s;) {
        while (isSPACE(*s))
            s++;
        if (*s)
            *(a++) = s;
        while (*s && !isSPACE(*s))
            s++;
        if (*s)
            *s++ = '\0';
    }
    *a = NULL;
    if (argv[0]) {
        PERL_FPU_PRE_EXEC
        PerlProc_execvp(argv[0],EXEC_ARGV_CAST(argv));
        PERL_FPU_POST_EXEC
        if (errno == ENOEXEC)		/* for system V NIH syndrome */
            goto doshell;
        S_exec_failed(aTHX_ argv[0], fd, do_report);
    }
leave:
    LEAVE;
    return FALSE;
}

#endif /* OS2 || WIN32 */

I32
Perl_apply(pTHX_ I32 type, SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
    I32 val;
    I32 tot = 0;
    const char *const what = PL_op_name[type];
    const char *s;
    STRLEN len;
    SV ** const oldmark = mark;
    bool killgp = FALSE;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_APPLY;

    PERL_UNUSED_VAR(what); /* may not be used depending on compile options */

    /* Doing this ahead of the switch statement preserves the old behaviour,
       where attempting to use kill as a taint test would fail on
       platforms where kill was not defined.  */
#ifndef HAS_KILL
    if (type == OP_KILL)
        Perl_die(aTHX_ PL_no_func, what);
#endif
#ifndef HAS_CHOWN
    if (type == OP_CHOWN)
        Perl_die(aTHX_ PL_no_func, what);
#endif


#define APPLY_TAINT_PROPER() \
    STMT_START {							\
        if (TAINT_get) { TAINT_PROPER(what); }				\
    } STMT_END

    /* This is a first heuristic; it doesn't catch tainting magic. */
    if (TAINTING_get) {
        while (++mark <= sp) {
            if (SvTAINTED(*mark)) {
                TAINT;
                break;
            }
        }
        mark = oldmark;
    }
    switch (type) {
    case OP_CHMOD:
        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
        if (++mark <= sp) {
            val = SvIV(*mark);
            APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
            tot = sp - mark;
            while (++mark <= sp) {
                GV* gv;
                if ((gv = MAYBE_DEREF_GV(*mark))) {
                    if (GvIO(gv) && IoIFP(GvIOp(gv))) {
#ifdef HAS_FCHMOD
                        int fd = PerlIO_fileno(IoIFP(GvIOn(gv)));
                        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
                        if (fd < 0) {
                            SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                            tot--;
                        } else if (fchmod(fd, val))
                            tot--;
#else
                        Perl_die(aTHX_ PL_no_func, "fchmod");
#endif
                    }
                    else {
                        SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                        tot--;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    const char *name = SvPV_nomg_const(*mark, len);
                    APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
                    if (!IS_SAFE_PATHNAME(name, len, "chmod") ||
                        PerlLIO_chmod(name, val)) {
                        tot--;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        break;
#ifdef HAS_CHOWN
    case OP_CHOWN:
        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
        if (sp - mark > 2) {
            I32 val2;
            val = SvIVx(*++mark);
            val2 = SvIVx(*++mark);
            APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
            tot = sp - mark;
            while (++mark <= sp) {
                GV* gv;
                if ((gv = MAYBE_DEREF_GV(*mark))) {
                    if (GvIO(gv) && IoIFP(GvIOp(gv))) {
#ifdef HAS_FCHOWN
                        int fd = PerlIO_fileno(IoIFP(GvIOn(gv)));
                        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
                        if (fd < 0) {
                            SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                            tot--;
                        } else if (fchown(fd, val, val2))
                            tot--;
#else
                        Perl_die(aTHX_ PL_no_func, "fchown");
#endif
                    }
                    else {
                        SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                        tot--;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    const char *name = SvPV_nomg_const(*mark, len);
                    APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
                    if (!IS_SAFE_PATHNAME(name, len, "chown") ||
                        PerlLIO_chown(name, val, val2)) {
                        tot--;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        break;
#endif
/*
XXX Should we make lchown() directly available from perl?
For now, we'll let Configure test for HAS_LCHOWN, but do
nothing in the core.
    --AD  5/1998
*/
#ifdef HAS_KILL
    case OP_KILL:
        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
        if (mark == sp)
            break;
        s = SvPVx_const(*++mark, len);
        if (*s == '-' && isALPHA(s[1]))
        {
            s++;
            len--;
            killgp = TRUE;
        }
        if (isALPHA(*s)) {
            if (*s == 'S' && s[1] == 'I' && s[2] == 'G') {
                s += 3;
                len -= 3;
            }
           if ((val = whichsig_pvn(s, len)) < 0)
               Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Unrecognized signal name \"%" SVf "\"",
                                SVfARG(*mark));
        }
        else
        {
            val = SvIV(*mark);
            if (val < 0)
            {
                killgp = TRUE;
                val = -val;
            }
        }
        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
        tot = sp - mark;

        while (++mark <= sp) {
            Pid_t proc;
            SvGETMAGIC(*mark);
            if (!(SvNIOK(*mark) || looks_like_number(*mark)))
                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Can't kill a non-numeric process ID");
            proc = SvIV_nomg(*mark);
            APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
#ifdef HAS_KILLPG
            /* use killpg in preference, as the killpg() wrapper for Win32
             * understands process groups, but the kill() wrapper doesn't */
            if (killgp ? PerlProc_killpg(proc, val)
                       : PerlProc_kill(proc, val))
#else
            if (PerlProc_kill(killgp ? -proc: proc, val))
#endif
                tot--;
        }
        PERL_ASYNC_CHECK();
        break;
#endif
    case OP_UNLINK:
        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
        tot = sp - mark;
        while (++mark <= sp) {
            s = SvPV_const(*mark, len);
            APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
            if (!IS_SAFE_PATHNAME(s, len, "unlink")) {
                tot--;
            }
            else if (PL_unsafe) {
                if (UNLINK(s))
                {
                    tot--;
                }
#if defined(__amigaos4__) && defined(NEWLIB)
                else
                {
                  /* Under AmigaOS4 unlink only 'fails' if the
                   * filename is invalid.  It may not remove the file
                   * if it's locked, so check if it's still around. */
                  if ((access(s,F_OK) != -1))
                  {
                    tot--;
                  }
                }
#endif
            }
            else {	/* don't let root wipe out directories without -U */
                Stat_t statbuf;
                if (PerlLIO_lstat(s, &statbuf) < 0)
                    tot--;
                else if (S_ISDIR(statbuf.st_mode)) {
                    SETERRNO(EISDIR, SS_NOPRIV);
                    tot--;
                }
                else {
                    if (UNLINK(s))
                    {
                                tot--;
                        }
#if defined(__amigaos4__) && defined(NEWLIB)
                        else
                        {
                                /* Under AmigaOS4 unlink only 'fails' if the filename is invalid */
                                /* It may not remove the file if it's Locked, so check if it's still */
                                /* arround */
                                if((access(s,F_OK) != -1))
                                {
                                        tot--;
                                }
                        }	
#endif
                }
            }
        }
        break;
#if defined(HAS_UTIME) || defined(HAS_FUTIMES)
    case OP_UTIME:
        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
        if (sp - mark > 2) {
#if defined(HAS_FUTIMES)
            struct timeval utbuf[2];
            void *utbufp = utbuf;
#elif defined(I_UTIME) || defined(VMS)
            struct utimbuf utbuf;
            struct utimbuf *utbufp = &utbuf;
#else
            struct {
                Time_t	actime;
                Time_t	modtime;
            } utbuf;
            void *utbufp = &utbuf;
#endif

           SV* const accessed = *++mark;
           SV* const modified = *++mark;

           /* Be like C, and if both times are undefined, let the C
            * library figure out what to do.  This usually means
            * "current time". */

           if ( accessed == &PL_sv_undef && modified == &PL_sv_undef )
                utbufp = NULL;
           else {
                Zero(&utbuf, sizeof utbuf, char);
#ifdef HAS_FUTIMES
                utbuf[0].tv_sec = (long)SvIV(accessed);  /* time accessed */
                utbuf[0].tv_usec = 0;
                utbuf[1].tv_sec = (long)SvIV(modified);  /* time modified */
                utbuf[1].tv_usec = 0;
#elif defined(BIG_TIME)
                utbuf.actime = (Time_t)SvNV(accessed);  /* time accessed */
                utbuf.modtime = (Time_t)SvNV(modified); /* time modified */
#else
                utbuf.actime = (Time_t)SvIV(accessed);  /* time accessed */
                utbuf.modtime = (Time_t)SvIV(modified); /* time modified */
#endif
            }
            APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
            tot = sp - mark;
            while (++mark <= sp) {
                GV* gv;
                if ((gv = MAYBE_DEREF_GV(*mark))) {
                    if (GvIO(gv) && IoIFP(GvIOp(gv))) {
#ifdef HAS_FUTIMES
                        int fd =  PerlIO_fileno(IoIFP(GvIOn(gv)));
                        APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
                        if (fd < 0) {
                            SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                            tot--;
                        } else if (futimes(fd, (struct timeval *) utbufp))
                            tot--;
#else
                        Perl_die(aTHX_ PL_no_func, "futimes");
#endif
                    }
                    else {
                        SETERRNO(EBADF,RMS_IFI);
                        tot--;
                    }
                }
                else {
                    const char * const name = SvPV_nomg_const(*mark, len);
                    APPLY_TAINT_PROPER();
                    if (!IS_SAFE_PATHNAME(name, len, "utime")) {
                        tot--;
                    }
                    else
#ifdef HAS_FUTIMES
                    if (utimes(name, (struct timeval *)utbufp))
#else
                    if (PerlLIO_utime(name, utbufp))
#endif
                        tot--;
                }

            }
        }
        else
            tot = 0;
        break;
#endif
    }
    return tot;

#undef APPLY_TAINT_PROPER
}

/* Do the permissions in *statbufp allow some operation? */
#ifndef VMS /* VMS' cando is in vms.c */
bool
Perl_cando(pTHX_ Mode_t mode, bool effective, const Stat_t *statbufp)
/* effective is a flag, true for EUID, or for checking if the effective gid
 *  is in the list of groups returned from getgroups().
 */
{
    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_CANDO;
    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;

#ifdef DOSISH
    /* [Comments and code from Len Reed]
     * MS-DOS "user" is similar to UNIX's "superuser," but can't write
     * to write-protected files.  The execute permission bit is set
     * by the Microsoft C library stat() function for the following:
     *		.exe files
     *		.com files
     *		.bat files
     *		directories
     * All files and directories are readable.
     * Directories and special files, e.g. "CON", cannot be
     * write-protected.
     * [Comment by Tom Dinger -- a directory can have the write-protect
     *		bit set in the file system, but DOS permits changes to
     *		the directory anyway.  In addition, all bets are off
     *		here for networked software, such as Novell and
     *		Sun's PC-NFS.]
     */

     /* Atari stat() does pretty much the same thing. we set x_bit_set_in_stat
      * too so it will actually look into the files for magic numbers
      */
    return cBOOL(mode & statbufp->st_mode);

#else /* ! DOSISH */
# ifdef __CYGWIN__
    if (ingroup(544,effective)) {     /* member of Administrators */
# else
    if ((effective ? PerlProc_geteuid() : PerlProc_getuid()) == 0) {	/* root is special */
# endif
        if (mode == S_IXUSR) {
            if (statbufp->st_mode & 0111 || S_ISDIR(statbufp->st_mode))
                return TRUE;
        }
        else
            return TRUE;		/* root reads and writes anything */
        return FALSE;
    }
    if (statbufp->st_uid == (effective ? PerlProc_geteuid() : PerlProc_getuid()) ) {
        if (statbufp->st_mode & mode)
            return TRUE;	/* ok as "user" */
    }
    else if (ingroup(statbufp->st_gid,effective)) {
        if (statbufp->st_mode & mode >> 3)
            return TRUE;	/* ok as "group" */
    }
    else if (statbufp->st_mode & mode >> 6)
        return TRUE;	/* ok as "other" */
    return FALSE;
#endif /* ! DOSISH */
}
#endif /* ! VMS */

static bool
S_ingroup(pTHX_ Gid_t testgid, bool effective)
{
#ifndef PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS
    /* PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS like Win32: getegid() etc. require the context. */
    PERL_UNUSED_CONTEXT;
#endif
    if (testgid == (effective ? PerlProc_getegid() : PerlProc_getgid()))
        return TRUE;
#ifdef HAS_GETGROUPS
    {
        Groups_t *gary = NULL;
        I32 anum;
        bool rc = FALSE;

        anum = getgroups(0, gary);
        if (anum > 0) {
            Newx(gary, anum, Groups_t);
            anum = getgroups(anum, gary);
            while (--anum >= 0)
                if (gary[anum] == testgid) {
                    rc = TRUE;
                    break;
                }

            Safefree(gary);
        }
        return rc;
    }
#else
    return FALSE;
#endif
}

#if defined(HAS_MSG) || defined(HAS_SEM) || defined(HAS_SHM)

I32
Perl_do_ipcget(pTHX_ I32 optype, SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
    const key_t key = (key_t)SvNVx(*++mark);
    SV *nsv = optype == OP_MSGGET ? NULL : *++mark;
    const I32 flags = SvIVx(*++mark);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_IPCGET;
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);

    SETERRNO(0,0);
    switch (optype)
    {
#ifdef HAS_MSG
    case OP_MSGGET:
        return msgget(key, flags);
#endif
#ifdef HAS_SEM
    case OP_SEMGET:
        return semget(key, (int) SvIV(nsv), flags);
#endif
#ifdef HAS_SHM
    case OP_SHMGET:
        return shmget(key, (size_t) SvUV(nsv), flags);
#endif
#if !defined(HAS_MSG) || !defined(HAS_SEM) || !defined(HAS_SHM)
    default:
        /* diag_listed_as: msg%s not implemented */
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s not implemented", PL_op_desc[optype]);
#endif
    }
    return -1;			/* should never happen */
}

I32
Perl_do_ipcctl(pTHX_ I32 optype, SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
    char *a;
    I32 ret = -1;
    const I32 id  = SvIVx(*++mark);
#ifdef Semctl
    const I32 n   = (optype == OP_SEMCTL) ? SvIVx(*++mark) : 0;
#endif
    const I32 cmd = SvIVx(*++mark);
    SV * const astr = *++mark;
    STRLEN infosize = 0;
    I32 getinfo = (cmd == IPC_STAT);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_IPCCTL;
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);

    switch (optype)
    {
#ifdef HAS_MSG
    case OP_MSGCTL:
        if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
            infosize = sizeof(struct msqid_ds);
        break;
#endif
#ifdef HAS_SHM
    case OP_SHMCTL:
        if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
            infosize = sizeof(struct shmid_ds);
        break;
#endif
#ifdef HAS_SEM
    case OP_SEMCTL:
#ifdef Semctl
        if (cmd == IPC_STAT || cmd == IPC_SET)
            infosize = sizeof(struct semid_ds);
        else if (cmd == GETALL || cmd == SETALL)
        {
            struct semid_ds semds;
            union semun semun;
#ifdef EXTRA_F_IN_SEMUN_BUF
            semun.buff = &semds;
#else
            semun.buf = &semds;
#endif
            getinfo = (cmd == GETALL);
            if (Semctl(id, 0, IPC_STAT, semun) == -1)
                return -1;
            infosize = semds.sem_nsems * sizeof(short);
                /* "short" is technically wrong but much more portable
                   than guessing about u_?short(_t)? */
        }
#else
        /* diag_listed_as: sem%s not implemented */
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s not implemented", PL_op_desc[optype]);
#endif
        break;
#endif
#if !defined(HAS_MSG) || !defined(HAS_SEM) || !defined(HAS_SHM)
    default:
        /* diag_listed_as: shm%s not implemented */
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s not implemented", PL_op_desc[optype]);
#endif
    }

    if (infosize)
    {
        if (getinfo)
        {
            /* we're not using the value here, so don't SvPVanything */
            SvUPGRADE(astr, SVt_PV);
            SvGETMAGIC(astr);
            if (SvTHINKFIRST(astr))
                sv_force_normal_flags(astr, 0);
            a = SvGROW(astr, infosize+1);
        }
        else
        {
            STRLEN len;
            a = SvPVbyte(astr, len);
            if (len != infosize)
                Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Bad arg length for %s, is %lu, should be %ld",
                      PL_op_desc[optype],
                      (unsigned long)len,
                      (long)infosize);
        }
    }
    else
    {
        /* We historically treat this as a pointer if we don't otherwise recognize
           the op, but for many ops the value is simply ignored anyway, so
           don't warn on undef.
        */
        SvGETMAGIC(astr);
        if (SvOK(astr)) {
            const IV i = SvIV_nomg(astr);
            a = INT2PTR(char *,i);		/* ouch */
        }
        else {
            a = NULL;
        }
    }
    SETERRNO(0,0);
    switch (optype)
    {
#ifdef HAS_MSG
    case OP_MSGCTL:
        ret = msgctl(id, cmd, (struct msqid_ds *)a);
        break;
#endif
#ifdef HAS_SEM
    case OP_SEMCTL: {
#ifdef Semctl
            union semun unsemds;

            if(cmd == SETVAL) {
                unsemds.val = PTR2nat(a);
            }
            else {
#ifdef EXTRA_F_IN_SEMUN_BUF
                unsemds.buff = (struct semid_ds *)a;
#else
                unsemds.buf = (struct semid_ds *)a;
#endif
            }
            ret = Semctl(id, n, cmd, unsemds);
#else
            /* diag_listed_as: sem%s not implemented */
            Perl_croak(aTHX_ "%s not implemented", PL_op_desc[optype]);
#endif
        }
        break;
#endif
#ifdef HAS_SHM
    case OP_SHMCTL:
        ret = shmctl(id, cmd, (struct shmid_ds *)a);
        break;
#endif
    }
    if (getinfo && ret >= 0) {
        SvCUR_set(astr, infosize);
        *SvEND(astr) = '\0';
        SvPOK_only(astr);
        SvSETMAGIC(astr);
    }
    return ret;
}

I32
Perl_do_msgsnd(pTHX_ SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
#ifdef HAS_MSG
    STRLEN len;
    const I32 id = SvIVx(*++mark);
    SV * const mstr = *++mark;
    const I32 flags = SvIVx(*++mark);
    const char * const mbuf = SvPVbyte(mstr, len);
    const I32 msize = len - sizeof(long);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_MSGSND;
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);

    if (msize < 0)
        Perl_croak(aTHX_ "Arg too short for msgsnd");
    SETERRNO(0,0);
    if (id >= 0 && flags >= 0) {
      return msgsnd(id, (struct msgbuf *)mbuf, msize, flags);
    } else {
      SETERRNO(EINVAL,LIB_INVARG);
      return -1;
    }
#else
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(mark);
    /* diag_listed_as: msg%s not implemented */
    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "msgsnd not implemented");
    return -1;
#endif
}

I32
Perl_do_msgrcv(pTHX_ SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
#ifdef HAS_MSG
    char *mbuf;
    long mtype;
    I32 msize, flags, ret;
    const I32 id = SvIVx(*++mark);
    SV * const mstr = *++mark;

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_MSGRCV;
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);

    /* suppress warning when reading into undef var --jhi */
    if (! SvOK(mstr))
        SvPVCLEAR(mstr);
    msize = SvIVx(*++mark);
    mtype = (long)SvIVx(*++mark);
    flags = SvIVx(*++mark);
    SvPV_force_nolen(mstr);
    mbuf = SvGROW(mstr, sizeof(long)+msize+1);

    SETERRNO(0,0);
    if (id >= 0 && msize >= 0 && flags >= 0) {
        ret = msgrcv(id, (struct msgbuf *)mbuf, msize, mtype, flags);
    } else {
        SETERRNO(EINVAL,LIB_INVARG);
        ret = -1;
    }
    if (ret >= 0) {
        SvCUR_set(mstr, sizeof(long)+ret);
        SvPOK_only(mstr);
        *SvEND(mstr) = '\0';
        /* who knows who has been playing with this message? */
        SvTAINTED_on(mstr);
    }
    return ret;
#else
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(mark);
    /* diag_listed_as: msg%s not implemented */
    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "msgrcv not implemented");
    return -1;
#endif
}

I32
Perl_do_semop(pTHX_ SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
#ifdef HAS_SEM
    STRLEN opsize;
    const I32 id = SvIVx(*++mark);
    SV * const opstr = *++mark;
    const char * const opbuf = SvPVbyte(opstr, opsize);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_SEMOP;
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);

    if (opsize < 3 * SHORTSIZE
        || (opsize % (3 * SHORTSIZE))) {
        SETERRNO(EINVAL,LIB_INVARG);
        return -1;
    }
    SETERRNO(0,0);
    /* We can't assume that sizeof(struct sembuf) == 3 * sizeof(short). */
    {
        const int nsops  = opsize / (3 * sizeof (short));
        int i      = nsops;
        short * const ops = (short *) opbuf;
        short *o   = ops;
        struct sembuf *temps, *t;
        I32 result;

        Newx (temps, nsops, struct sembuf);
        t = temps;
        while (i--) {
            t->sem_num = *o++;
            t->sem_op  = *o++;
            t->sem_flg = *o++;
            t++;
        }
        result = semop(id, temps, nsops);
        Safefree(temps);
        return result;
    }
#else
    /* diag_listed_as: sem%s not implemented */
    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "semop not implemented");
#endif
}

I32
Perl_do_shmio(pTHX_ I32 optype, SV **mark, SV **sp)
{
#ifdef HAS_SHM
    char *shm;
    struct shmid_ds shmds;
    const I32 id = SvIVx(*++mark);
    SV * const mstr = *++mark;
    const I32 mpos = SvIVx(*++mark);
    const I32 msize = SvIVx(*++mark);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_DO_SHMIO;
    PERL_UNUSED_ARG(sp);

    SETERRNO(0,0);
    if (shmctl(id, IPC_STAT, &shmds) == -1)
        return -1;
    if (mpos < 0 || msize < 0
        || (size_t)mpos + msize > (size_t)shmds.shm_segsz) {
        SETERRNO(EFAULT,SS_ACCVIO);		/* can't do as caller requested */
        return -1;
    }
    if (id >= 0) {
        shm = (char *)shmat(id, NULL, (optype == OP_SHMREAD) ? SHM_RDONLY : 0);
    } else {
        SETERRNO(EINVAL,LIB_INVARG);
        return -1;
    }
    if (shm == (char *)-1)	/* I hate System V IPC, I really do */
        return -1;
    if (optype == OP_SHMREAD) {
        char *mbuf;
        /* suppress warning when reading into undef var (tchrist 3/Mar/00) */
        SvGETMAGIC(mstr);
        SvUPGRADE(mstr, SVt_PV);
        if (! SvOK(mstr))
            SvPVCLEAR(mstr);
        SvPOK_only(mstr);
        mbuf = SvGROW(mstr, (STRLEN)msize+1);

        Copy(shm + mpos, mbuf, msize, char);
        SvCUR_set(mstr, msize);
        *SvEND(mstr) = '\0';
        SvSETMAGIC(mstr);
        /* who knows who has been playing with this shared memory? */
        SvTAINTED_on(mstr);
    }
    else {
        STRLEN len;

        const char *mbuf = SvPVbyte(mstr, len);
        const I32 n = ((I32)len > msize) ? msize : (I32)len;
        Copy(mbuf, shm + mpos, n, char);
        if (n < msize)
            memzero(shm + mpos + n, msize - n);
    }
    return shmdt(shm);
#else
    /* diag_listed_as: shm%s not implemented */
    Perl_croak(aTHX_ "shm I/O not implemented");
    return -1;
#endif
}

#endif /* SYSV IPC */

/*
=for apidoc start_glob

Function called by C<do_readline> to spawn a glob (or do the glob inside
perl on VMS).  This code used to be inline, but now perl uses C<File::Glob>
this glob starter is only used by miniperl during the build process,
or when PERL_EXTERNAL_GLOB is defined.
Moving it away shrinks F<pp_hot.c>; shrinking F<pp_hot.c> helps speed perl up.

=cut
*/

PerlIO *
Perl_start_glob (pTHX_ SV *tmpglob, IO *io)
{
    SV * const tmpcmd = newSV(0);
    PerlIO *fp;
    STRLEN len;
    const char *s = SvPV(tmpglob, len);

    PERL_ARGS_ASSERT_START_GLOB;

    if (!IS_SAFE_SYSCALL(s, len, "pattern", "glob"))
        return NULL;

    ENTER;
    SAVEFREESV(tmpcmd);
#ifdef VMS /* expand the wildcards right here, rather than opening a pipe, */
           /* since spawning off a process is a real performance hit */

PerlIO * 
Perl_vms_start_glob
   (pTHX_ SV *tmpglob,
    IO *io);

    fp = Perl_vms_start_glob(aTHX_ tmpglob, io);

#else /* !VMS */
# ifdef DOSISH
#  if defined(OS2)
    sv_setpv(tmpcmd, "for a in ");
    sv_catsv(tmpcmd, tmpglob);
    sv_catpvs(tmpcmd, "; do echo \"$a\\0\\c\"; done |");
#  else
    sv_setpv(tmpcmd, "perlglob ");
    sv_catsv(tmpcmd, tmpglob);
    sv_catpvs(tmpcmd, " |");
#  endif
# elif defined(CSH)
    sv_setpvn(tmpcmd, PL_cshname, PL_cshlen);
    sv_catpvs(tmpcmd, " -cf 'set nonomatch; glob ");
    sv_catsv(tmpcmd, tmpglob);
    sv_catpvs(tmpcmd, "' 2>/dev/null |");
# else
    sv_setpv(tmpcmd, "echo ");
    sv_catsv(tmpcmd, tmpglob);
    sv_catpvs(tmpcmd, "|tr -s ' \t\f\r' '\\n\\n\\n\\n'|");
# endif /* !DOSISH && !CSH */
    {
        SV ** const svp = hv_fetchs(GvHVn(PL_envgv), "LS_COLORS", 0);
        if (svp && *svp)
            save_helem_flags(GvHV(PL_envgv),
                             newSVpvs_flags("LS_COLORS", SVs_TEMP), svp,
                             SAVEf_SETMAGIC);
    }
    (void)do_open6(PL_last_in_gv, SvPVX_const(tmpcmd), SvCUR(tmpcmd),
                   NULL, NULL, 0);
    fp = IoIFP(io);
#endif /* !VMS */
    LEAVE;

    if (!fp && ckWARN(WARN_GLOB)) {
        Perl_warner(aTHX_ packWARN(WARN_GLOB), "glob failed (can't start child: %s)",
                    Strerror(errno));
    }

    return fp;
}

/*
 * ex: set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 et:
 */
