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<title>References - MLton Standard ML Compiler (SML Compiler)</title>
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<link rel="Appendix" title="060916-mlton.pdf" href="http://mlton.org/pages/References/attachments/060916-mlton.pdf">
<link rel="Appendix" title="CejtinEtAl00.pdf" href="http://mlton.org/pages/References/attachments/CejtinEtAl00.pdf">
<link rel="Appendix" title="FluetWeeks01.ps.gz" href="http://mlton.org/pages/References/attachments/FluetWeeks01.ps.gz">
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<div id="content" lang="en" dir="ltr">
<a href="#A_References">A</a> <a href="#B_References">B</a> <a href="#C_References">C</a> <a href="#D_References">D</a> <a href="#E_References">E</a> <a href="#F_References">F</a> <a href="#G_References">G</a> <a href="#H_References">H</a> <a href="#I_References">I</a> <a href="#J_References">J</a> <a href="#K_References">K</a> <a href="#L_References">L</a> <a href="#M_References">M</a> <a href="#N_References">N</a> <a href="#O_References">O</a> <a href="#P_References">P</a> <a href="#Q_References">Q</a> <a href="#R_References">R</a> <a href="#S_References">S</a> <a href="#T_References">T</a> <a href="#U_References">U</a> <a href="#V_References">V</a> <a href="#W_References">W</a> <a href="#X_References">X</a> <a href="#Y_References">Y</a> <a href="#Z_References">Z</a> <p>
<a id="A_References"></a> <h2 id="head-6dcd4ce23d88e2ee9568ba546c007c63d9131c1b">A</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="AcarEtAl06"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~umut/papers/pldi06.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">An Experimental Analysis of Self-Adjusting Computation</a>  Umut Acar, Guy Blelloch, Matthias Blume, and Kanat Tangwongsan.  <a href="#PLDI">PLDI</a> 2006. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Appel92"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://us.cambridge.org/titles/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521416957"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Compiling with Continuations</a>  (<a class="external" href="http://www.addall.com/New/submitNew.cgi?query=0-521-41695-7&amp;type=ISBN&amp;location=10000&amp;state=&amp;dispCurr=USD"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">addall</a>).  ISBN 0521416957.  Andrew W. Appel.  Cambridge University Press, 1992. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Appel93"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/appel92critique.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">A Critique of Standard ML</a>.  Andrew W. Appel.  <a href="#JFP">JFP</a> 1993. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Appel98"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://us.cambridge.org/titles/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521582741"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Modern Compiler Implementation in ML</a>  (<a class="external" href="http://www.addall.com/New/submitNew.cgi?query=0-521-58274-1&amp;type=ISBN&amp;location=10000&amp;state=&amp;dispCurr=USD"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">addall</a>).  ISBN 0521582741  Andrew W. Appel.  Cambridge University Press, 1998. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="AppelJim97"></a>  Shrinking Lambda Expressions in Linear Time.  Andrew Appel and Trevor Jim.  <a href="#JFP">JFP</a> 1997.   
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="AppelEtAl94"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.smlnj.org/doc/ML-Lex/manual.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">A lexical analyzer generator for Standard ML. Version 1.6.0</a>  Andrew W. Appel, James S. Mattson, and David R. Tarditi.  1994 
</p>
</li>

    </ul>


<p>
<a id="B_References"></a> <h2 id="head-ae4f281df5a5d0ff3cad6371f76d5c29b6d953ec">B</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="BaudinetMacQueen85"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/baudinet85tree.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Tree Pattern Matching for ML</a>.  Marianne Baudinet, David MacQueen.  1985. 
</p>
</li>

            <ul>

   <em>Describes the match compiler used in an early version of    <a href="SMLNJ">SML/NJ</a></em>.  
            </ul>


    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="BentonEtAl98"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/benton98compiling.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Compiling Standard ML to Java Bytecodes</a>.  Nick Benton, Andrew Kennedy, and George Russell.  <a href="#ICFP">ICFP</a> 1998. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="BentonKennedy99"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/benton99interlanguage.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Interlanguage Working Without Tears: Blending SML with Java</a>.  Nick Benton and Andrew Kennedy.  <a href="#ICFP">ICFP</a> 1999. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="BentonKennedy01"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/388363.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Exceptional Syntax</a>.  Nick Benton and Andrew Kennedy.  <a href="#JFP">JFP</a> 2001. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="BentonEtAl04"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.research.microsoft.com/~nick/p53-Benton.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Adventures in Interoperability: The SML.NET Experience</a>.  Nick Benton, Andrew Kennedy, and Claudio Russo.  <a href="#PPDP">PPDP</a> 2004. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="BentonEtAl04_2"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://research.microsoft.com/~akenn/sml/ShrinkingReductionsInSMLNet.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Shrinking Reductions in SML.NET</a>.  Nick Benton, Andrew Kennedy, Sam Lindley and Claudio Russo.  <a href="#IFL">IFL</a> 2004. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>Describes a linear-time implementation of an   <a href = "References#AppelJim97">Appel-Jim shrinker</a>, using a mutable IL, and shows    that it yields nice speedups in SML.NET's compile times.  There   are also benchmarks showing that SML.NET when compiled by MLton runs   roughly five times faster than when compiled by SML/NJ.</em> 
        </ul>


    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Benton05"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://research.microsoft.com/~nick/benton03.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Embedded Interpreters</a>.  Nick Benton.  <a href="#JFP">JFP</a> 2005. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Berry91"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.lfcs.inf.ed.ac.uk/reports/91/ECS-LFCS-91-148/index.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">The Edinburgh SML Library</a>.  Dave Berry.  University of Edinburgh Technical Report ECS-LFCS-91-148, 1991. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="BerryEtAl93"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=143191"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">A semantics for ML concurrency primitives</a>.  Dave Berry, Robin Milner, and David N. Turner.  <a href="#POPL">POPL</a> 1992. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Berry93"></a>  Lessons From the Design of a Standard ML Library.   Dave Berry.  <a href="#JFP">JFP</a> 1993. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Bertelsen98"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/bertelsen98compiling.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Compiling SML to Java Bytecode</a>.  Peter Bertelsen.  Master's Thesis, 1998. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Berthomieu00"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.laas.fr/~bernard/oo/ooml.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">OO Programming styles in ML</a>.  Bernard Berthomieu.  LAAS Report #2000111, 2000. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Blume01"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/blume01nolongerforeign.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">No-Longer-Foreign: Teaching an ML compiler to speak C "natively"</a>.  Matthias Blume.  <a href="#BABEL">BABEL</a> 2001. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Blume01_02"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~blume/pgraph/proposal.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Portable library descriptions for Standard ML</a>.  Matthias Blume.  2001. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Boehm03"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/640926.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Destructors, Finalizers, and Synchronization</a>.  Hans Boehm.  <a href="#POPL">POPL</a> 2003. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>Discusses a number of issues in the design of finalizers.  Many   of the design choices are consistent with <a href="MLtonFinalizable">MLtonFinalizable</a>.</em> 
        </ul>



    </ul>


<p>
<a id="C_References"></a> <h2 id="head-32096c2e0eff33d844ee6d675407ace18289357d">C</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="CejtinEtAl00"></a>  <a href="http://mlton.org/pages/References/attachments/CejtinEtAl00.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Flow-directed Closure Conversion for Typed Languages</a>.  Henry Cejtin, Suresh Jagannathan, and Stephen Weeks.  <a href="#ESOP">ESOP</a> 2000. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>Describes MLton's closure-conversion algorithm, which translates   from its simply-typed higher-order intermediate language to its   simply-typed first-order intermediate language.</em> 
        </ul>


    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="ChengBlelloch01"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/493194.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">A Parallel, Real-Time Garbage Collector</a>.  Perry Cheng and Guy E. Blelloch.  <a href="#PLDI">PLDI</a> 2001. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Claessen00"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.md.chalmers.se/~koen/Papers/quick.ps"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">QuickCheck: A Lightweight Tool for Random Testing of Haskell Programs</a>.  Koen Claessen and John Hughes.  <a href="#ICFP">ICFP</a> 2000. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Clinger98"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/clinger98proper.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Proper Tail Recursion and Space Efficiency</a>.  William D. Clinger.  <a href="#PLDI">PLDI</a> 1998. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="CooperMorrisett90"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cooper90adding.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Adding Threads to Standard ML</a>.  Eric C. Cooper and J. Gregory Morrisett.    CMU Technical Report CMU-CS-90-186, 1990. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="CouttsEtAl07"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~dons/papers/CLS07.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Stream Fusion: From Lists to Streams to Nothing at All</a>.  Duncan Coutts, Roman Leshchinskiy, and Don Stewart.  Submitted for publication.  April 2007. 
</p>
</li>

    </ul>


<p>
<a id="D_References"></a> <h2 id="head-50c9e8d5fc98727b4bbc93cf5d64a68db647f04f">D</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="DamasMilner82"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=582176"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Principal Type-Schemes for Functional Programs</a>.  Luis Damas and Robin Milner.  <a href="#POPL">POPL</a> 1982. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Danvy98"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/danvy98functional.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Functional Unparsing</a>.  Olivier Danvy.  BRICS Technical Report RS 98-12, 1998. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Deboer05"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.cis.ksu.edu/~stough/eXene/dusty-thesis.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Exhancements to eXene</a>.  Dustin B. Deboer.  Master of Science Thesis, 2005. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>Describes ways to improve widget concurrency, handling of input   focus, X resources and selections.</em> 
        </ul>


    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="DoligezLeroy93"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/doligez93concurrent.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">A Concurrent, Generational Garbage Collector for a Multithreaded Implementation of ML</a>.  Damien Doligez and Xavier Leroy.  <a href="#POPL">POPL</a> 1993. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Dreyer07"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~dreyer/papers/mtc/main-long.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Modular Type Classes</a>.  Derek Dreyer, Robert Harper, Manuel M.T. Chakravarty.  University of Chicago Technical Report TR-2007-02, 2006. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="DreyerBlume07"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://ttic.uchicago.edu/~dreyer/papers/infmod/main-short.pdf"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Principal Type Schemes for Modular Programs</a>.  Derek Dreyer and Matthias Blume.  <a href="#ESOP">ESOP</a> 2007. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Dubois95"></a>  <a class="external" href="ftp://ftp.inria.fr/INRIA/Projects/cristal/Francois.Rouaix/generics.dvi.Z"><img src="moin-ftp.png" alt="[FTP]" height="11" width="11">Extensional Polymorphism</a>.  Catherin Dubois, Francois Rouaix, and Pierre Weis.  <a href="#POPL">POPL</a> 1995. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>An extension of ML that allows the definition of ad-hoc   polymorphic functions by inspecting the type of their argument.</em> 
        </ul>



    </ul>


<p>
<a id="E_References"></a> <h2 id="head-e0184adedf913b076626646d3f52c3b49c39ad6d">E</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="Elsman03"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.it-c.dk/research/mlkit/papers.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Garbage Collection Safety for Region-based Memory Management</a>.  Martin Elsman.   <a href="#TLDI">TLDI</a> 2003. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Elsman04"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.itu.dk/people/mael/papers.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Type-Specialized Serialization with Sharing</a>  Martin Elsman.  University of Copenhagen. IT University Technical  Report TR-2004-43, 2004.  
</p>
</li>

    </ul>


<p>
<a id="F_References"></a> <h2 id="head-e69f20e9f683920d3fb4329abd951e878b1f9372">F</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="FelleisenFreidman98"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&amp;tid=4787"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">The Little MLer</a>  (<a class="external" href="http://www3.addall.com/New/submitNew.cgi?query=026256114X&amp;type=ISBN"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">addall</a>).  ISBN 026256114X.  Matthias Felleisen and Dan Freidman.  The MIT Press, 1998. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="FlattFindler04"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.cs.utah.edu/plt/kill-safe/"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Kill-Safe Synchronization Abstractions</a>.  Matthew Flatt and Robert Bruce Findler.  <a href="#PLDI">PLDI</a> 2004. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="FluetWeeks01"></a>  <a href="http://mlton.org/pages/References/attachments/FluetWeeks01.ps.gz"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Contification Using Dominators</a>.  Matthew Fluet and Stephen Weeks.  <a href="#ICFP">ICFP</a> 2001. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>Describes contification, a generalization of tail-recursion   elimination that is an optimization operating on MLton's static   single assignment (SSA) intermediate language.</em> 
        </ul>


    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="FluetPucella02"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/cs.PL/0403034"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Phantom Types and Subtyping</a>.  Matthew Fluet and Riccardo Pucella.  <a href="#TCS">TCS</a> 2002. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="Furuse01"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://pauillac.inria.fr/~furuse/publications/jfla2001.ps.gz"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Generic Polymorphism in ML</a>.  J. Furuse.  <a href="#JFLA">JFLA</a> 2001. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>The formalism behind G'CAML, which has an approach to ad-hoc   polymorphism based on <a href = "References#Dubois95">Dubois95</a>, the differences being in   how type checking works an an improved compilation approach for   typecase that does the matching at compile time, not run time.</em> 
        </ul>



    </ul>


<p>
<a id="G_References"></a> <h2 id="head-a36a6718f54524d846894fb04b5b885b4e43e63b">G</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="GansnerReppy93"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/gansner93multithreaded.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">A Multi-Threaded Higher-order User Interface Toolkit</a>.  Emden R. Gansner and John H. Reppy.  User Interface Software, 1993. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="GansnerReppy04"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://titles.cambridge.org/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521794781"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">The Standard ML Basis Library</a>.  (<a class="external" href="http://www3.addall.com/New/submitNew.cgi?query=0521794781&amp;type=ISBN"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">addall</a>)  ISBN 0521794781.  Emden R. Gansner and John H. Reppy.  Cambridge University Press, 2004. 
</p>
</li>

        <ul>

  <em>An introduction and overview of the <a href="BasisLibrary">Basis Library</a>,    followed by a detailed description of each module.  The module   descriptions are also available <a class="external" href="http://mlton.org/basis/"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">online</a>.</em> 
        </ul>


    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="GrossmanEtAl02"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~greg/cyclone/"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Region-based Memory Management in Cyclone</a>.  Dan Grossman, Greg Morrisett, Trevor Jim, Michael Hicks, Yanling  Wang, and James Cheney.   <a href="#PLDI">PLDI</a> 2002. 
</p>
</li>

    </ul>


<p>
<a id="H_References"></a> <h2 id="head-7cf184f4c67ad58283ecb19349720b0cae756829">H</h2>

</p>

    <ul>

    <li>
<p>
 <a id="HallenbergEtAl02"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.it-c.dk/research/mlkit/papers.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Combining Region Inference and Garbage Collection</a>.  Niels Hallenberg, Martin Elsman, and Mads Tofte.   <a href="#PLDI">PLDI</a> 2002. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="HansenRichel99"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://www.it.dtu.dk/introSML"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Introduction to Programming Using SML</a>  (<a class="external" href="http://www3.addall.com/New/submitNew.cgi?query=0201398206&amp;type=ISBN"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">addall</a>).  ISBN 0201398206.  Michael R. Hansen, Hans Rischel.  Addison-Wesley, 1999. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="HarperEtAl93"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.comp.nus.edu.sg/11210.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">Typing First-Class Continuations in ML</a>.  Robert Harper, Bruce F. Duba, and David MacQueen.  <a href="#JFP">JFP</a> 1993. 
</p>
</li>
    <li class="gap">
<p>
 <a id="HarperMitchell92"></a>  <a class="external" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/harper92type.html"><img src="moin-www.png" alt="[WWW]" height="11" width="11">On the Type Structure of Standard ML</a                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   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