Toto je manuál pro GNU Typist (verze 2.9.5, 18 August 2013), program určený k výuce psaní na klávesnici pro několik jazyků a různé klávesové rozložení.
Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2008, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
GNU Typist je interaktivní výukový program, který vám pomůže osvojit si principy správného psaní na klávesnici všemi deseti prsty. Obsahuje několik lekcí pro různé typy klávesnic a různé jazyky. (Mezi nimi nechybí ani čeština.) Lekce pro gtypist jsou napsány ve snadno pochopitelném skriptovacím jazyku, takže je mohou uživatelé modifkovat či vytvářet nové. Pokud zadáte parametr cs.typ, spustíte lekce v češtině zaměřené na českou klávesnici.
GNU Typist (či gtypist) je svobodný software; to znamená, že jej může za určitých podmínek každý svobodně používat a dále redistribuovat. Přesné podmínky můžete nalézt v GNU General Public Lincense, kterou jste obdrželi s tímto programem a která následuje tuto sekci.
GNU Typist můžete získat od přítele nebo z Internetu:
Copyright © 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. http://fsf.org/ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
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To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the “copyright” line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does. Copyright (C) year name of author This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
program Copyright (C) year name of author This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type ‘show w’. This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions; type ‘show c’ for details.
The hypothetical commands ‘show w’ and ‘show c’ should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program’s commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an “about box”.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a “copyright disclaimer” for the program, if necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow the GNU GPL, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first, please read http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html.
GNU Typist je interaktivní program pro výuku psaní na klávesnici všemi deseti prsty. Obsahuje výukové lekce, cvičení i rychlostní testy. Program je určen pro používání na terminálech bez grafiky. Byl zkompilován na GNU/Linuxu, Unixech (Aix, OpenBSD) a také na DOS/Windows (DOS 6.22, Windows 98, Windows NT).
Program načítá lekce vytvořené ve snadno pochopitelném skritpovacím jazyku. Je distribuován spolu s několika dobrými a kompletními lekcemi, které můžete používat, modifikovat, nebo psát nové. (see Vytvořte nové lekce see Příkazy skriptovacího jazyka).
Pokud nespecifikujete příslušný soubor lekcí na příkazové řádce, bude použit gtypist.typ. (Podrobnosti o cestě k souborům naleznete v sekci see Proměnné prostředí).
Na horní řádce obrazovky naleznete banner programu. Na nejspodnější řádce se potom nalézají různé zprávy, dotazy a další informace o stavu. Řádky mezi tím jsou používány pro tutoriály, cvičení a rychlostní testy.
V programu jsou dva typy cvičení: drilové a rychlostní testy.
V drilových vám gtypist zobrazí text v každé druhé řádce obrazovky
a počká, až uživatel správně opíše text do zbývajících prázdných
řádek.
Chybně zadaná písmena jsou indikována obráceným ^,
nebo >, pokud je špatně zadaným znakem konec řádky.
Na konci cvičení program spočítá skutečnou a užitečnou
rychlost v jednotkách slov za minutu. Pokud jste udělali příliš mnoho
chyb, cvičení se spustí znova.
Není dovoleno zpětně opravovat špatně zadané znaky.
V rychlostních testech zobrazuje gtypist text na obrazovce a čeká, až ho uživatel přepíše tím samým. Chyby se zobrazují a na konci testu se spočítá opravdová a užitečná rychlost ve WPM (words per minute – slova za minutu). Pokud se vyskytlo příliš mnoho chyb, test se spustí znovu. Opravování chyb je povoleno, ale takto opravené chyby budou stejně započítány do hodnocení.
Jestli jste již udělali příliš mnoho chyb, můžete použít ESC a test se spustí znovu. Kdykoliv dokončíte lekci, butete dotázáni, zda ji chcete opakovat.
GNU Typist obsahuje i cvičení zaměřené pouze na procvičování (jak drilová cvičení, tak rychlostní testy), která možná nebudete muset vůbec opakovat. Nechceme ale říkat, zda se to týká zrovna vás, takže se stejně budete muset snažit, jak nejlépe umíte ;-)
Ve výsledcích rychlosti znamená jedno slovo pět znaků, takže hrubé WPM je počet znaků v testovací oblasti dělené pěti a znovu dělené počtem uplynulých minut. Co se týče faktoru chyby, který WPM ovlivňuje, každá chyba je počítaná za špatné slovo.
Syntaxe pro spuštění GNU Typist je:
gtypist [ parametry... ] [ script_file ]
Podporované parametry jsou popsány níže (pozor, dlouhé tvary nejsou v DOSu podporovány).
-e, --error-maxUdává maximální procento chybovosti při zadávání textu. Defaultní hodnota je 3,0. Musí být mezi 0,0 a 100,0. Existuje i příkaz skriptovacího jazyka (see Příkazy skriptovacího jazyka), který to může změnit, pokud je zadané číslo menší. Pro procvičovací lekce je tato hodnota ale ignorována.
-n, --notimerNormálně GNU Typist zobrazuje rychlost ve WPM (slova za minutu) jak po drilových cvičeních, tak po rychlostních zkouškách. Lekce jsou ale zřejmě napsané pro program, který zobrazoval rychlost pouze při rychlostních testech. Abyste gtypist přinutili k takovémuto chování odpovídajícímu lekcím, tedy aby nezobrazoval počet slov za minutu u drilových testů, použijte tento parametr.
-t, --term-cursorgtypist si vytváří vlastní obdélníčkový kurzor, aby pomohl uživateli rozlišit mezi kurzorem a označením chyb v inverzních barvách. Tímto parametrem takové chování potlačíme a donutíme program používat standardní kurzor terminálu.
-f, --curs-flashHodnota tohoto parametru nastavuje blikání obdélníkového kurzoru v desetinách sekund. Hodnota 0 znamená, že kurzor nebude blikat. Standardní hodnota je 10, maximální 512. Toto je ignorováno, pokud bylo nastaveno -t nebo –term-cursor.
-c, --colo[u]rsNormálně používá gtypist pouze normální a převrácené monochromatické barvy. Tímto parametrem můžete nastavit barvu popředí a pozadí na terminálech, které podporují barevný výstup. Barvy jsou specifikovány jako dvě čísla mezi 0 a 7. Kódy barev od 0 do 7 znamenají barvu černou, červenou, zelenou, žlutou, modrou, magenta a modrozelenou a bílou. Defalutní nastavení je 7,0 – bílá na černém pozadí. Toto nastavení je ignorováno pokud terminál nepodporuje barvy.
-s, --silentKdykoliv narazí gtypist na chybu, zapípá. Tímto nastavením můžete zvukový signál potlačit.
-q, --quietTo samé jako -s, –silent.
-w, --wpmodeTímto donutíte gtypist určitým způsobem napodobovat textový procesor, kdykoliv spouští nějaké cvičení. Mezeru na konci řádku bude brát jako korektní znak a přejde na další řádku. Pokud stisknete na konci řádky ENTER, přesune vás na následující odstavec. Vícenádobné mezery stlačí na jedinou a bude přeskakovat rozdělovací čárky na konci řádek.
-l, --start-labelTento parametr udává návěstí ve skriptovém souboru, kde gtyping začne (pro informace o návěstí viz níže skriptovací jazyk). Pokud není start_label definováno, začne se od začátku souboru.
-k, --no-skipZakáže uživateli přeskakovat lekce nebo z nich utíkat pomocí ESC ESC.
Pokud chcete spouštět gtypist ve svém rodném jazyce, musíte
také vhodně nastavit proměnnou prostředí LANG
See Proměnné prostředí.
Příklady:
Ke spuštění standardního anglického souboru lekcí gtypist.typ:
gtypist
Ke spuštění českých lekcí:
gtypist cs.typ
Donutíme gtypist, aby hledal lekci bar.typ v nestandardním
adresáři /home/foo:
export GTYPIST_PATH="/home/foo"
gtypist bar.typ
Abychom mohli spustit lekci test.typ v adresáři /tmp,
a začít na návěstí TEST1, v tichém módu, za použití
standardního kurzoru terminálu, zadáme toto:
gtypist -t -q -l TEST1 /tmp/test.typ
S GNU Typist jsou dodávány tyto lekce :
Soubor QWERTY kurzů v češtině (+ numerická klávesnice)
Rychlý QWERTY kurz v angličtině
Dlouhý QWERTY kurz v angličtině
QWERTY výuka v angličtině
Ještě další QWERTY v angličtině
QWERTY opakování v angličtině
Výuka klávesnice Dvorak v angličtině
Drilová cvičení v angličtině
Rychlostní testy v angličtině
Numerická klávesnice v angličtině
Soubor všech předchozích anglických lekcí
Kurz QWERTY ve španělštině
Toto jsou standardní lekce z Ktouch 1.0 (http://ktouch.sourceforge.net), které byly do formátu gtypistu zkonvertovány s použitím tools/ktouch2typ.pl.
Tyto soubory jsou ktde.typ (german.ktouch), kten.typ (english.ktouch), ktfr.typ (french.ktouch), ktlecten.typ (lecture_en.ktouch), ktno.typ (norwegian.ktouch) and ktnumber.typ (number.ktouch).
To je německá lekce pro tipptrainer (http://www.pingos.schulnetz.org/tipptrainer), která byla zkonvertována s pomocí tools/tt2typ.pl.
Pokud v těchto lekcích najdete chyby, pokud nějakou upravíte, nebo pokud napíšete lekci novou, prosím vydejte ji pod svobodnou licencí a řekněte nám o tom – můžete nám napsat mail na bug-gtypist@gnu.org.
‘typefortune’ vám dovolí cvičit s textem z ‘fortune’.
SYNTAX: typefortune [-dslh] [-n počet] [-o <parametry_gtp>]
-dPoužije D: místo S:.
-sSpustí fortune s -s.
-lSpustí fortune s -l.
-n <počet>Cvičení <počet> fortunes.
-o <gtypist_options>Předej gtypistu nastavení ve formě option (nastavení přepínače,
např. -o word-processor), option,value (nastavení hodnoty,
např. -o e,1.0) kde option je jméno nastavení
(zkrácené či dlouhé) s tím, že všechny úvodní pomlčky jsou odstraněny.
Pokud uvádíte více než jeden parametr, musíte je uvést v apostrofech:
typefortune -n 3 -o 'silent e,5 word-processor'.
GNU Typist načítá data pro jednotlivé lekce ze skriptového souboru. Každá řádka s výjimkou komentářů a prázdných řádek má následující formát
znak_příkazu : data_příkazu
Znak příkazu je jeden znak, který určuje, co bude
gtypist dělat, a data_příkazu jsou data, se kterými
bude operovat. Pokud je znak_příkazu mezera, znamená
to, že řádka je pokračováním předchozího příkazu.
Oddělovač ’:’ musí být vždy v druhém sloupci řádky.
Řádky komentářů jsou řádky začínající znakem ’#’ a stejně jako prázdné řádky jsou ignorovány. Komentáře mohou mít jakýkoliv formát, jediným požadavkem je, aby začínaly ’#’. Všechny ostatní řádky musí mít výše uvedený formát.
Abyste se seznámili se základy, měli byste si přečíst See Úvod.
Následující výčet je seznamem platných hodnot znaků_příkazu:
BTento příkaz smaže celou obrazovku. Pokud má nějaká
data_příkazu, ta jsou zobrazena v horním jednořádkovém
banneru a zůstanou tam až do zavolání následujícího příkazu B.
Tento příkaz nesmí pokračovat na následující řádce.
TT znamená tutoriál. Příkaz může zpracovávat více řádek a to až do zaplnění obrazovky. Každá řádka příkazu je prostě vytištěna na obrazovku. Příkaz smaže obrazovku pod horním jednořádkovým bannerem. Když je zobrazování hotovo, program čeká na uživatelský vstup. Toho je také využíváno pro tisk položek menu.
*Hvědička znamená návěstí v souboru. Návěstí může být cílem pro
příkazy G, Y, N nebo F. Návěstí
mohou zahrnovat jakékoliv znaky včetně mezer a jsou
jednořádkovým příkazem. Mezery na konci návěstí jsou ignorovány.
ITento příkaz zobrazí stručné instrukce k drilovému či rychlostnímu
testu. Je dovoleno použít pouze dvou řádek. Narozdíl od příkazu T
se před pokračováním nečeká na stisk klávesy. Značka by tedy
měla být vždy následována cvičením. Maže plochu obrazovky
pro cvičení, v tomto ohledu se chová jako dvouřádkové T.
MTento příkaz je nový způsob, jak vytvářet menu (od gtypistu 2.7) Zde je jeho syntax:
M: [UP=(LABEL|_EXIT)] "název" :LABEL1 "popis1" :LABEL2 "popis2" ...
UP-label označuje návěstí otcovského uzlu, které definuje poslední položku menu (pokud je to _EXIT, pak ,,Konec”, jinak bude poslední položka v menu ,,Zpět” skákat na zadaný uzel). Tento argument je volitelný. Pokud není přítomen, použije se defaultní _EXIT.
Název, stejně jako ostatní popis, musí být v uvozovkách (""). Navíc musí mezi UP=XXX a "název" či mezi návěstími a jejich popisem být alespoň jedna mezera.
Příklady hledejte v existujících lekcích.
D,dTento příkaz se nazývá ,,drill” a je jedním ze dvou typů cvičení.
Je to víceřádkový příkaz. Text je zobrazován v každé druhé řádce a uživatel jej opisuje do prostoru mezi nimi. To je důvod, proč nemůžete použít více jak 11 řádek obsahu.
Tento typ cvičení by měl být používán pouze pro cvičení prstů (např. jfjfjjf), ale může obsahovat i celá slova a věty, když jsou využívány k procvičování (písmeno, slabika) a nejedná se o opravdové texty.
Verze s malým písmenem d znamená ,,pouze procvičování”,
uživatel nebude muset cvičení opakovat ani pokud udělal příliš
mnoho chyb.
S,sTo je druhý typ cvičení: ,,rychlostní test”.
Jedná se o víceřádkový příkaz. Zobrazuje svůj obsah na obrazovce a čeká, až jej uživatel přepíše tím samým textem. Proto můžete na jeden rychlostní test použít až 22 řádek. V tomto druhu testu můžete své chyby opravovat, počítadlo ve statistice je ale stále bude počítat jako chyby.
Rychlostní testy by měly být používány pro opisování kompletních vět, textů a souborů (např. dopis, texinfo, html či tex soubor).
Verze s malým písmenem s je rychlostní test
,,pouze k procvičování”, což znamená, že ani uživatel,
který udělá příliš mnoho chyb, jej nebude muset opakovat.
GToto přinutí gtypist přeskočit na návěstí v datech_příkazu
a pokračovat ve vyvolávání skriptu odtud. Jde o jednořádkový
příkaz.
QTento příkaz vypíše svůj text na stavové řádce a před pokračováním čeká na klávesu Y nebo N. Ostatní znaky jsou ignorovány.
Jako vedlejší efekt můžete také stisknout F-klávesu, pokud je potřeba (nyní by již neměl být tento příkaz používán pro vytváření promptu pro menu – použijte raději příkaz M).
YY Je podobné G, s výjimkou toho, že příkaz skoku
je vyvolán pouze pokud odpověď na předchozí otázku Q
byla Y.
NN je podobné G, s výjimkou toho, že příkaz skoku
je vyvolán pouze pokud odpověď na předchozí otázku Q
byla N.
KTento příkaz by již neměl být používán, použijte M
Váže funkční klávesu na návěstí. Formát dat následujících
tento příkaz musí být Fklávesa:návěstí, kde
Fklávesa je číslo funkční klávesy mezi 1 a 12
a návěstí je místo, kam se přesunout po stisku
této klávesy. Hodnota návěstí NULL klávesu znefunkční.
Pokud na terminálu nejsou dostupné funkční klávesy, mohou být místo jich použity klávesy 1 až 9 pro F1 až F9, 0 pro F10, A pro F11 a S pro F12.
Jinou alternativou pro F1 až F12 jsou kombinace: Ctrl-Q, Ctrl-W, Ctrl-E, Ctrl-R, Ctrl-T, Ctrl-Z, Ctrl-U, Ctrl-I, Ctrl-O, Ctrl-P, Ctrl-A a Ctrl-S.
To je také užitečné, pokud jsou funkční klávesy odchytávány jinými programy (například window managery).
ETento příkaz je používán pro nastavení nejvyššího procenta chyb dovoleného pro úspěšné absolvování následující lekce (E:<value>%) či pro všechny lekce až do dalšího výskytu E (E:<value>%*).
Pokud je nastaveno --error-max/-e, tak bute tento příkaz platit pouze tehdy, pokud je přísnější než hodnota specifikovaná na příkazové řádce.
data_příkazu se skládají z hodnoty (mezi 0.0 a 100.0)
následované znakem ’%’ (toto je požadováno, aby byly skripty
lépe čitelné). Existuje speciální hodnota default
nebo Default, která nastavuje maximální procento chyb
zpět na defaultní hodnotu.
FTento příkaz může být použit k nastavení návěstí
(v data_příkazu), kam bude uživatel muset
jít, pokud úspěšně neprojde cvičením.
Tento příkaz se většinou vztahuje pouze k následujícímu
cvičení, ale pokud na konec dat_příkazu
vložíte ’*’, můžete jej tak učinit trvale platným.
Pokud je návěstí NULL, pak příkaz návěstí resetuje.
XTento příkaz přinutí gtypist vyskočit. Je to jednořádkový
příkaz. Jakékoliv data_příkazu jsou ignorována.
Jiný způsob, jakým může dojít k opuštění programu,
je když gtypist dojde na konec souboru (takže tam můžete
také umístit návěstí a odkazovat na něj příkazem G)
Prohlédněte si malý příklad skriptu, který demonstruje dostupné příkazy (soubor lekce tinydemo.typ):
# Malý příklad B: Demonstrace tutoriálu *:LOOP K:1:QDONE T:Zde je malý příklad skriptu pro lekci. :Lepší příklad můžete nalézt v souboru :demo.typ, který je dodáván s GNU Typist. I:Tady je drilové cvičení: D:asdf ghjkl; I:A tady je zas rychlostní test: S:qwe rt yu iop *:QDONE Q:Stačilo to již? [Y/N] N:LOOP X:
This section provides guidelines and hints for creating new lessons (or improving existing ones).
A very easy way to write lessons is to write them in the format
that ktouch uses, and then convert it to a gtypist lesson
using tools/ktouch2typ.pl. This will take care of writing
“jump-tables”, a menu and a bit more.
The ktouch-format consists only of lessons, which are preceded by their names, and separated by blank lines and/or comments (# at the beginning of the line). So the first non-blank, non-comment line in the file is the name of the first lesson, and the first lesson consists of all the lines up to the next comment or blank line. After the separator (comment or blank line) the name of the second lesson follows and so on.
This is an example of a three-lesson ktouch file (excerpts from the first three lessons of german.ktouch):
# # Deutsche Training-Datei für KTouch # Grundstellung f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f fff fff fff f f f f f f f fff j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j jjj jjj jjj j j j j j j j jjj fff jjj fff jjj jjj fff jjj fff fjf fjf fjf jfj jfj jfj fjf jfjfj Grundstellung fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkk aaa ööö fff jjj ddd kkkff fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jkö fda jköfd s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s sss sss sss s s s s s s s sss #Zwei wichtige Vokale: e und i e und i asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdf ölkj fdsa jklö asdfö das dass lös fad dass lös als dass las lös fad dass als dass dass ded ded ded dej dek del deö ded deö del dek dej ded dej dek delde
Once you are done, use tools/ktouch2typ.pl to convert the
file: ‘ktouch2typ.pl lesson.ktouch’ converts lesson.ktouch
to lesson.typ. It is important that the input file ends in
“.ktouch”, otherwise ktouch2typ.pl will skip it. Warning:
this will overwrite lesson.typ without asking you !
You can customize the number of lines that ktouch2typ.pl
uses for each drill by modifying the relevant variable in
tools/ktouch2typ.pl.
Obviously, the disadvantage of this is that you cannot make use of all of gtypist’s features (but the output file is very readable, so you can edit it to use more of gtypist’s features).
Using gtypist-mode.el you can quickly create lessons with text
from the program fortune (or the emacs-internal
yow if fortune isn’t available, as is usually the
case on Windows).
Once you installed gtypist-mode.el
(see Mód Emacsu), you can open a file
with it “.typ” extension and run C-c C-f to create a drill
(D: by default, use C-u or C-u C-u prefix to
change).
I:Use your J-finger for the H key. *:_T_R_L23 D:jjj jhj jjj jhj jjj jhj
gtypist now comes with an Emacs major-mode which does syntax-highlighting, indentation and has some convenient commands for counting labels, a goto-label-command, inserting properly centered banners, special comments and a bit more.
Copy this file from tools/gtypist-mode.el to wherever you put your local elisp files (e.g. ~/elisp) and put this in your ~/.emacs (adapt path!):
(autoload 'gtypist-mode "~/elisp/gtypist-mode")
or put it in load-path (‘make install’ in the
sources should take care of this for GNU Emacs, or if you
are using the Debian package, it installs it here for you)
and use this instead:
(autoload 'gtypist-mode "gtypist-mode")
and add this to your ~/.emacs:
(setq auto-mode-alist
(cons '("\\.typ\\'" . gtypist-mode) auto-mode-alist))
All this is also mentioned in the README-section of tools/gtypist-mode.el.
Here are the commands along with the keybindings:
This shows gtypist’s texinfo-documentation, starting at node “Script file commands” (see Příkazy skriptovacího jazyka). With prefix, start at the top-node.