JMdict/EDICT Project

# JMdict/EDICT

## JAPANESE/ENGLISH DICTIONARY PROJECT

Copyright (C) 2014 The Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group.

## Contents

INTRODUCTION CURRENT VERSION & DOWNLOAD PROJECT FORUM DATABASE and UPDATING FORMAT PROJECT HISTORY COPYRIGHT LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS OTHER LANGUAGES CONTRIBUTIONS RELATED PROJECTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PUBLICATIONS

## INTRODUCTION

The JMdict/EDICT project has as its goal the production of a freely available Japanese/English Dictionary in machine-readable form.

The project began in 1991 with the expansion of the "EDICT" simple Japanese-English dictionary file. (See below under History)

At present the project has the following dictionary files available:

- the full JMdict file in XML format. The JMdict file is aimed at being a multilingual lexical database with Japanese as the pivot language and also includes translations of words and phrases in a number of languages other than English. More information is available from the JMdict overview page.

- the EDICT file, which contains a reduced amount of information, and is provided to maintain support for software which uses the original EDICT file format. Note that this form of the dictionary is now obsolete and is only being made available for legacy systems. All new projects, apps, etc. are advised to use either the JMdict or EDICT2 formats;

  A short EDICT overview page is available which lists some of the software which uses this file;

- the EDICT2 file, which is in an expanded format and contains almost all the information in the JMdict file;

- the EDICT_SUB file, which contains about 20% of the most common entries in the EDICT file.

The dictionary data is held in a database (details below) and new editions of the JMdict and EDICT files are generated and distributed daily.

The files are copyright, and distributed in accordance with the Licence Statement, which can found at the WWW site of the Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group who are the owners of the copyright.

## CURRENT VERSION & DOWNLOAD

The project's master database is continuously being updated and new versions of the files are generated daily. The date of generation is included in the header of the files.

The files are currently distributed via the Monash University ftp server, which also provides an rsync service. The main files available are:

- JMdict.gz - the full JMdict file, including English, German, French, Russian and Dutch glosses;
- JMdict_e.gz - the JMdict file with only English glosses;
- edict.gz - the "traditional" EDICT file.
- edict2.gz - the extended EDICT2 file.

## PROJECT FORUM

The are several forums where this project is actively discussed.

The original forum was the `sci.lang.japan` Usenet newsgroup. More recently a mailing list specifically for project discussion has begun. (Mail to `edict-jmdict-subscribe@yahoogroups.com` to initiate subscription.)

## DATABASE and UPDATING

The dictionary data is all held in a PostgreSQL database and maintained using the JMdictDB online database. You can explore the database and propose edits and new entries via its Search Form. The JMdict version is generated directly from the database. From this the EDICT/EDICT2 versions are generated using utility software.

## FORMAT

The basic format of the entries in the dictionary files can be seen in detail by examining the DTD (Document Type Declaration) of the XML-format JMdict file. The DTD is heavily annotated with content and structural information.

In summary, each dictionary entry is independent, although there may be cross-reference fields pointing to other entries. Each entry consists of

1. kanji elements, i.e. headwords containing at least one kanji character, plus associated tags indicating some status or characteristic of the headword. Where there are multiple headwords, they have been ordered according to frequency of usage, as far as this can be determined;

2. reading elements, containing either the reading in kana of the headword, or the headword itself in the case of headwords only in kana. The elements also include tags indicating some status or characteristics. As with the kanji headwords, where there are multiple readings they have been ordered according to frequency of usage, as far as this can be determined;

3. general coded information relating to the entry as a whole, such as original language, date-of-creation, etc.

4. sense elements, containing the translational equivalents or glosses of the headword(s). As Japanese is not highly polysemous, there is often only one sense. Associated with the sense elements is other coded data indicating the part-of-speech, field of application, miscellaneous information, etc. As with headwords and readings, the glosses are ordered with the most common appearing first.

The format and coding of the distributed files is as follows:

1. the JMdict file contains the complete dictionary information in XML format as per the DTD. This file is in Unicode/ISO-10646 coding using UTF-8 encapsulation.

2. the EDICT file is in a relatively simple format based on the text data file of the SKK input-method. Each entry is in the form:

     KANJI [KANA] /(general information) gloss/gloss/.../

   or

     KANA /(general information) gloss/gloss/.../

   Where there are multiple senses, these are indicated by (1), (2), etc. before the first gloss in each sense. As this format only allows a single kanji headword and reading, entries are generated for each possible headword/reading combination. As the format restricts Japanese characters to the kanji and kana fields, any cross-reference data and other informational fields are omitted.

   The EDICT file is distributed in JIS X 0208 coding in EUC-JP encapsulation;

3. the EDICT2 file is in an expanded form of the original EDICT format. The main differences are the inclusion of multiple kanji headwords and readings, and the inclusion of cross-reference and other information fields, e.g.:

     KANJI-1;KANJI-2 [KANA-1;KANA-2] /(general information) (see xxxx) gloss/gloss/.../

   In addition, the EDICT2 has as its last field the sequence number of the entry. This matches the "ent_seq" entity value in the XML edition. The field has the format: EntLnnnnnnnnX. The EntL is a unique string to help identify the field. The "X", if present, indicates that an audio clip of the entry reading is available from the JapanesePod101.com site.

   The EDICT2 file is distributed in JIS X 0208 and JIS X 0212 codings in EUC-JP encapsulation;

4. the EDICT_SUB file is in the same format as the EDICT file.

None of the files have the entries in any particular order.

## PROJECT HISTORY

The project was begun in 1991 by the current editor (Jim Breen) when an early DOS-based Japanese word-processor (MOKE - Mark's Own Kanji Editor) was released, containing an initial small version of the EDICT file. This was progressively expanded and edited over the following years. In 1999 the EDICT, which by this time contained about 60,000 entries, was converted into an expanded format and the first XML-format JMdict file released. The EDICT2 format was created in 2003, primarily for use with the WWWJDIC dictionary server.

The growth in entries in the file is largely due to the efforts of Jim and the many people who contributed entries to it over the years. The increase in entry numbers has slowed as the file has achieved coverage of a large proportion of the Japanese lexicon. Much of the editorial work in recent years has concentrated on amendments and expansion to existing entries.

A more expanded explanation of the early developments in the EDICT file can be found in the original documentation.

## COPYRIGHT

Dictionary copyright is a difficult point, because clearly the first lexicographer who published "inu means dog" could not claim a copyright violation over all subsequent Japanese dictionaries. While it is usual to consult other dictionaries for "accurate lexicographic information", as Nelson put it, wholesale copying is, of course, not permissible, and contributors have been advised to avoid direct copying from other sources. What makes each dictionary unique (and copyright-able) is the particular selection of words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a very important point in the case of this project), and the means of publication.

The files of the project are copyright, and distributed in accordance with the Licence Statement, which can found at the WWW site of the Electronic Dictionary Research and Development Group who are the current owners of the copyright. As explained in the licence, the files are available for use for most purposes provided acknowledgement and distribution of the documentation is made.

## LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS

1. Inflections, etc.

   In general no inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in idiomatic expressions. Adverbs formed from adjectives (e.g., -ku or -ni) are generally not included. Verbs are, of course, in the plain or "dictionary" form.

   Composed forms, such as adverbs taking the "to" particle, keiyoudoushi adjectives, etc. are only included in their root from, however the part-of-speech (POS) marker is used to indicate their status.

   Nouns which can form a verb withe the auxiliary verb "suru" only appear in their noun form, but have a POS marker: "vs", to indicate the existence of a verbal form. In general the gloss only relates to the noun itself, but entries are being progressively expanded to include the verbal glosses as well.

2. Part of Speech Marking

   The following POS markings are currently used:

       adj-i	adjective (keiyoushi)
       adj-na	adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
       adj-no	nouns which may take the genitive case particle `no'
       adj-pn	pre-noun adjectival (rentaishi)
       adj-t	`taru' adjective
       adj-f	noun or verb acting prenominally (other than the above)
       adj	former adjective classification (being removed)
       adv	adverb (fukushi)
       adv-n	adverbial noun
       adv-to	adverb taking the `to' particle
       aux	auxiliary
       aux-v	auxiliary verb
       aux-adj	auxiliary adjective
       conj	conjunction
       ctr	counter
       exp	Expressions (phrases, clauses, etc.)
       int	interjection (kandoushi)
       iv	irregular verb
       n	noun (common) (futsuumeishi)
       n-adv	adverbial noun (fukushitekimeishi)
       n-pref	noun, used as a prefix
       n-suf	noun, used as a suffix
       n-t	noun (temporal) (jisoumeishi)
       num	numeric
       pn	pronoun
       pref	prefix
       prt	particle
       suf	suffix
       v1	Ichidan verb
       v2a-s	Nidan verb with 'u' ending (archaic)
       v4h	Yodan verb with `hu/fu' ending (archaic)
       v4r	Yodan verb with `ru' ending (archaic)
       v5	Godan verb (not completely classified)
       v5aru	Godan verb - -aru special class
       v5b	Godan verb with `bu' ending
       v5g	Godan verb with `gu' ending
       v5k	Godan verb with `ku' ending
       v5k-s	Godan verb - iku/yuku special class
       v5m	Godan verb with `mu' ending
       v5n	Godan verb with `nu' ending
       v5r	Godan verb with `ru' ending
       v5r-i	Godan verb with `ru' ending (irregular verb)
       v5s	Godan verb with `su' ending
       v5t	Godan verb with `tsu' ending
       v5u	Godan verb with `u' ending
       v5u-s	Godan verb with `u' ending (special class)
       v5uru	Godan verb - uru old class verb (old form of Eru)
       v5z	Godan verb with `zu' ending
       vz	Ichidan verb - zuru verb - (alternative form of -jiru verbs)
       vi	intransitive verb
       vk	kuru verb - special class
       vn	irregular nu verb
       vs	noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
       vs-c	su verb - precursor to the modern suru
       vs-i	suru verb - irregular
       vs-s	suru verb - special class
       vt	transitive verb

3. Field of Application

   A number of entries are marked with a specific field of application. Current fields and tags are:

       Buddh	Buddhist term
       MA	martial arts term
       comp	computer terminology
       food	food term
       geom	geometry term
       gram	grammatical term
       ling	linguistics terminology
       math	mathematics
       mil	military
       physics	physics terminology

4. Miscellaneous Markings

       X	rude or X-rated term
       abbr	abbreviation
       arch	archaism
       ateji	ateji (phonetic) reading
       chn	children's language
       col	colloquialism
       derog	derogatory term
       eK	exclusively kanji
       ek	exclusively kana
       fam	familiar language
       fem	female term or language
       gikun	gikun (meaning) reading
       hon	honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
       hum	humble (kenjougo) language
       ik	word containing irregular kana usage
       iK	word containing irregular kanji usage
       id	idiomatic expression
       io	irregular okurigana usage
       m-sl	manga slang
       male	male term or language
       male-sl	male slang
       oK	word containing out-dated kanji
       obs	obsolete term
       obsc	obscure term
       ok	out-dated or obsolete kana usage
       on-mim	onomatopoeic or mimetic word
       poet	poetical term
       pol	polite (teineigo) language
       rare	rare (now replaced by "obsc")
       sens	sensitive word
       sl	slang
       uK	word usually written using kanji alone
       uk	word usually written using kana alone
       vulg	vulgar expression or word

5. Word Priority Marking

   The ke_pri and equivalent re_pri fields in the JMdict file are provided to record information about the relative commonness or priority of the entry, and consist of codes indicating the word appears in various references which can be taken as an indication of the frequency with which the word is used. This field is intended for use either by applications which want to concentrate on entries of a particular priority, or to generate subset files. The current values in this field are:

   1. news1/2: appears in the "wordfreq" file compiled by Alexandre Girardi from the Mainichi Shimbun. (See the Monash ftp archive for a copy.) Words in the first 12,000 in that file are marked "news1" and words in the second 12,000 are marked "news2".
   2. ichi1/2: appears in the "Ichimango goi bunruishuu", Senmon Kyouiku Publishing, Tokyo, 1998. (The entries marked "ichi2" were demoted from ichi1 because they were observed to have low frequencies in the WWW and newspapers.)
   3. spec1 and spec2: a small number of words use this marker when they are detected as being common, but are not included in other lists.
   4. gai1/2: common loanwords, also based on the wordfreq file.
   5. nfxx: this is an indicator of frequency-of-use ranking in the wordfreq file. "xx" is the number of the set of 500 words in which the entry can be found, with "01" assigned to the first 500, "02" to the second, and so on.

   Entries with news1, ichi1, spec1/2 and gai1 values are marked with a "(P)" in the EDICT and EDICT2 files.

   While the priority markings accurately reflect the status of entries with regard to the various sources, they must be seen as only providing a crude indication of how common a word or expression actually is in Japanese. The "(P)" markings in the EDICT and EDICT2 files appear to identify a useful subset of "common" words, but there are clearly some marked entries which are not very common, and there are clearly unmarked entries which are in common use, particularly in the spoken language.

6. Okurigana Variants

   Okurigana variants in headwords are handled by including each variant form as a headword. This is to enable software to match with variant forms.

7. Spellings

   As far as possible variants of English translation and spelling are included. Where appropriate different translations are included for national variants (e.g. autumn/fall, tap/faucet, etc.). Common spelling variations such as -our/-or and -ize/-ise are handled either by repeating the gloss in both spellings or appending spelling variants in parentheses. No attempt is made to tag English spellings according to country of usage.

8. Gairaigo and Regional Words

   For gairaigo which have not been derived from English words, the source language and the word in that language are included. Languages have been coded in the two-letter codes from the ISO 639-2:1998 "Codes for the representation of names of languages" standard, e.g. "(fre: avec)" in the EDICT/EDICT2 files and <lsource xml:lang="fre">avec</lsource> in the JMdict file. In the case of gairaigo which have a meaning which is not apparent from the original (usually English) words, the words in the source language are included as: (trans: original words).

   A number of tags are used to indicate that a word or phrase is associated with a particular regional language variant within Japan. The tags are:

       kyb	Kyoto-ben
       osb	Osaka-ben
       ksb	Kansai-ben
       ktb	Kantou-ben
       tsb	Tosa-ben
       thb	Touhoku-ben
       tsug	Tsugaru-ben
       kyu	Kyuushuu-ben
       rkb	Ryuukyuu-ben

## OTHER LANGUAGES

The JMdict file has the capacity to record glosses for Japanese headwords in many languages. Although not maintained as part of the current project, the full JMdict file includes glosses for a large number of entries in French and German, and a smaller number of entries in Russian and Dutch.

The sources for the main non-English glosses are:

- the French material (58,000 entries) come from two sources:
  - a 17,000 entry Japanese-French dictionary file from the Dictionnaire français-japonais project being undertaken by Jean-Marc Desperrier. As Jean-Marc says on that page, his project's aim "est de traduire en français une partie du dictionnaire japonais-anglais Edict de Jim Breen". His project is continuing and is being supported by a number of French speakers;
  - about 41,000 entries from a dictionary compiled by le projet francais pour francophone This file, which also appears to be based around translating the EDICT file, has been made by selecting the entries not already in Jean-Marc's file, and converting them to EDICT format. These entries have "JF2" at the end of them. (There is some evidence that this file may use translations generated by an online resource such as Babelfish.)
- the German material (79,000 entries) is from the WaDokuJT Japanese-German dictionary file compiled by Ulrich Apel;
- a small Japanese-Russian dictionary file being compiled by Oleg Volkov. (documentation - in Russian)

## CONTRIBUTIONS

Contribution of new entries and amendments to existing entries is most welcome. A special WWW page is available for this purpose.

## RELATED PROJECTS

A number of other Japanese dictionary projects are closely related to this one. Among them are:

1. the ENAMDICT/JMnedict Japanese Proper Names Dictionary project, which currently has nearly 740,000 named entities. The files are available in EDICT or XML formats.

2. the KANJIDIC and KANJIDIC2 project, which maintains and distributes databases of information about kanji.

3. the COMPDIC file in EDICT format of computing and telecomms terminology. In 2008 the COMPDIC material was included in the main EDICT/JMdict database with tagging indication the entries relate to ICT. A separate "COMPDIC" file is extracted for distribution.

4. the RADKFILE/KRADFILE file of visual elements in kanji, which can be used for finding kanji in dictionaries.

## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Since 1991 a large number of people have contributed to this project; far too many to list here. All their contributions have been most welcome, indeed without the assistance of speakers and students of Japanese this project would not have achieved as much.

The EDICT/JMdict has been granted approval to use material from the Japanese WordNet. This approval is most welcome. (See the Japanese WordNet licence.)

## PUBLICATIONS

Some publications by Jim Breen about the EDICT/JMdict project:

- An early technical report from 1993; (postscript)
- an overview paper from 1995; (html) (postscript)
- a 1999 conference paper about WWWJDIC; (postscript) (pdf) (html).
- a paper about JMdict presented at the COLING Multilingual Linguistic Resources Workshop in Geneva in August 2004.
- an earlier JMdict paper about some of the practical issues, presented at the Papillon Project workshop in Tokyo in July 2002.