The Answer Guy Issue 15

#### "Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"

# The Answer Guy

#### By James T. Dennis, jimd@starshine.org
Starshine Technical Services, http://www.starshine.org/

### Contents:

- fetchmail and POP3 Correction
- Automated File Transfer over Firewall
- chown Question
- Copy from Xterm to TkDesk
- File System Debugger
- IP Fragmentation Attack Description
- Mail Server Problem
- Mail and Sendmail
- Mounted vfat File Systems
- POP3 E-Mail
- Pseudo Terminal Device Questions
- root login Bug in Linux
- Sendmail-8.8.4 and Linux
- wu-ftpd Problems

### fetchmail and POP3 Correction

From: Eric S. Raymond, esr@snark.thyrsus.com

One of your answers in this month's letters column was slightly in error.

Fetchmail no longer has the old popclient option to dump retrieved mail to a file; I removed it. Fetchmail, unlike its ancestor popclient, is designed to be a pure MTA, a pipefitting that connects a POP or IMAP server to your normal, SMTP-based incoming-mail path.

Fetchmail's "multidrop" mode does what Moe Green wants. It allows fetchmail, in effect, to serve as a mail collector for a host or subdomain.

Fetchmail is available at Sunsite, under the system/mail/pop directory. Eric S. Raymond

Eric is the author (compiler) of _The_New_Hackers_Dictionary_ a maintainer of the Jargon file (on which the NHD is based) and is the current maintainer of the termcap file that's used by Linux (and probably other Unix' as well). He's also the author of 'fetchmail' -- Jim

### Automated File Transfer over Firewall

From: Koen Rousseau, koen@kava.be

Hi,
Because of the security risk involved when using rcp, I disabled this service on our linux host. But the main advantage of rcp (over the more secure ftp) is that you can run it non-interactively (from cron for example). Is there a way to "simulate" this functionality with ftp?

Technically non-anonymous ftp isn't more secure than rcp. The security concerns are different. (Unless you're using the "guestgroups" feature of wu-ftpd). Under some circumstances it is less so.

FTP passes your account password across the untrusted wire in "clear text" form. Any sniffer on the same LAN segment can search for the distinctive packets that mark a new session and grab the next few packets -- which are almost certain to contain the password.

rcp doesn't send any sort of password. However the remote host has to trust the IP addresses and the information returned by reverse DNS lookups -- and possibly the responses of the local identd server. Thus it is vulnerable to IP spoofing, and DNS hijaacking attacks.

Ultimately any automated file transfer will involve storing a password, hash or key on each end of the link or it will involve "trusting" some meta information about the connection ( such as the IP address or reverse DNS lookups of the incoming connections).

If the initiating host is compromised it can always pass bad data to the remote host (the target of the file transfers). If the remote host (the target) is compromised it's data can be replaced. So we'll limit our discussion to how we can trust the wire.

I'd suggest that you look at ssh. Written by Tatu Ylongen, in Europe (Finland?) this is a secure replacement for rsh. It comes with scp (a replacement for rcp).

ssh uses public key cryptographic methods for authentication (RSA) and to exchange a random session key. This key is then used with a symmetrical algorithm (IDEA or your choice among others) for the end-to-end encryption through out the session.

It is free for non-commercial use. You can grab a copy from ftp.cs.hut.fi (if I remember correctly) or via http://www.cs.hut.fi. If you are in the U.S. you should obtain a copy of the rsaref library from mit.edu (I don't remember the exact hostname there) and compile against that (this is to satisfy the patents license from RSA). If you need a commercial license for it you should contact Data Fellows -- look at those web pages for details -- or look at http://www.ssh.com.

This combination may seem like overkill -- but it is necessary over untrusted wires.

It is possible to run rdist (the remote file distribution program) over an ssh link. This will further automate the process -- allowing you to push and pull files from or to multiple servers, recurse through directories, automate the removal of files, and only transfer new or changed files. It is significantly more efficient than just rcp scripts.

There are other methods by which you can automate file transfers within your organization. One which may seem downright baroque is to use the venerable old UUCP.

UUCP can be used over tcp. You create accounts on each host for each host (or you can have them share accounts in various combinations -- as you like). In addition to allowing cron driven and on demand file transfers using the 'uucp' command (which uses the UUCP protocols -- if you catch the distinction) you can also configure specific remote scripts and allow remote job execution to specific accounts.

UUCP offers a great deal of flexibility in scheduling and job prioritization. It is extremely automation friendly and is reasonably secure (although the concerns about text passwords over your ethernet are still valid).

You could also use a modern kermit (ckermit from Columbia University) which can open sessions over telnet and perform file tranfers through that. kermit comes with a rich scripting language and is almost universally support.

It is also possible -- if you insist on sticking with ftp as the protocol -- to automate ftp. You can use the ncftp "macro" feature by putting entries in the .ncftprc file. This allows you to create a "startup" macro for each host your list in your rc file. It is possible to have multiple "host" entries which actually open connections to the same host to do different operations.

It is also possible to use 'expect' with your standard ftp client shell. Expect is a programming languages built around TCL which is specifically focused on automating interactive programs.

Obviously these last three options would involve storing the password in plain text on the host in the script files. However you can initiate the connection from either end and transfer files both ways. So it's possible to configure the more secure host to initiate all file transfer sessions (the ones involving any password) and it's possible to set up a variety of methods for the exposed host to request a session. (an attacker might spoof a connection request -- but the more secure host will only connect to one of it's valid clients -- not some arbitrary host.

Example 1:
Internet users can upload a file on our public linux host on the Internet. A cron job checks at 10 minute intervals if there are files in the incoming files directory (eg /home/ftp/incoming). If there are files, they would be automaticaly transfered to another host on our secure network (intranet) for further processing. With rcp this would be easy, but rcp is not a secure service, so can not be allowed on a public Internet host. It's "competitor", ftp, is more secure, but can it be done?

This is a "pull" operation.

In this context ftp, initiated from the exposed host and going to a non-anonymous account on your internal host, would be less secure than rcp. (presuming that you are preventing address spoofing at your exterior routers).

I'd use uucp over tcp (or even consider running a null modem if the hosts are physically close enough) and initiate session from the inside. TCP wrappers can be used to ensure that all requests to this protocol come from the appropriate addresses (again, assuming you've got your anti-spoofing in place at the routers).

TCP wrappers should also be used for your telnet, ftp, and r* sessions.

The best security would be via rdist over ssh.

Example 2:
We extract data from our database on the intranet, and translate them into HTML-pages for publishing on our public WWW host on the Internet. Again, we wish to do this automaticaly from cron. Normally, one would use rcp, but for security reasons, we won't allow it. Can ftp be used here?

This would be a "push" operation.

Exactly the same methods will work as I've discussed above.

-- Jim

### chown Question

From: Terry Paton, tpaton@vhf.nano.bc.ca

Hi Jim....
My question concerns the chown command. The problem that I have is as follows:

In a directory that I have access to I have several files that I own and also have group ownership. I want to change the ownership and group to something else. I am also webmastr and in the weaver group.

example: filename is country.html rw- rw- r tpaton owner tpaton group

I want to change to owner webmastr group weaver. The command I used is chown webmastr.weaver country.html The response the system gives is Operation not permitted.

Any ideas how come??

Of course. Under Unix there are two approaches to 'chown' -- "giveaway" and "privileged only." Linux installations almost always take the later approach (as do most systems which support quotas).

You want the 'chgrp' command.

You can use 'chgrp' to give group ownership of files away to any group of which you are a member.

Another approach is to use the SGID bit on the directory.

If you have a directory which you share among several users -- such as a staging area for your web server -- you can set that directory to a group ownership of a group (such as 'webauth') and use the 'chmod g+s' to set the SGID bit. On a directory this has a special meaning.

Any directory that is SGID will automatically set the group ownership of any files created in that directory to match that of the directory. This means that your webauthors can just create or copy files into the directory and not worry about using the chgrp (or chown) commands.

I suspect that this is what you really wanted. Note: You'll want your web authors to adjust their umask to allow g+rw to make the best use of these features.

Also note: if this doesn't seem to work you might want to check your /etc/fstab or the mount options on that filesystem. This behavior can be overridden with options to the mount command and may not be available on some filesystem types. It is the default on ext2 filesystems.

There is also a special meaning to the "t" (sticky) bit when it is applied to directories. Originally (in the era of PDP-7's and PDP-11's -- on which Unix was originally written) the sticky bit was a hint to the kernel to keep the images of certain executable files cached in preference to "non-sticky" files. The sysadmin could then set this bit on things like "grep" which were used frequently -- giving the system a slight performance boost.

Given modern caching techniques, usage patterns, and storage systems the "sticky" bit has become useless on files.

However, most modern Unix systems still have a use for the 't' bit on directories. It modifies the meaning of the "write" bit so that users with the write option to a directory can only affect *THEIR OWN* files.

You should always set the 't' bit on /tmp/ and similar (world-writeable) directories.

Perhaps, one of these days will find a use for the 't' bit on files again. I don't know of a meaning for the SUID bit on directories (but there might be one in some forms of Unix -- even Linux). Notice that "sticky" is not the same as SUID or SGID. This is a fairly common misnomer.

-- Jim

### Copy from Xterm to TkDesk

From: Steve Varadi, svaradi@sprynet.com

I have a question maybe someone know simpler solution for this. I'm using TkDesk because very easy to use and most of the keystroke same as in Win95. If I want to copy something from xterm to an editble file I do following:

1. Select area in xterm
2. Open Emacs
3. Paste recent selection
4. Save file
5. Open this file with TkDesk Editor and working with it comfortable like in Win95 enviroment.

Is it any simpler procedure to copy something directly from xterm to TkDesk Editor???

Thanks: Steve

The usual way to paste text in X is to use the "middle" mouse button. If you're using a two-button mouse you'd want your X server configured to "Emulate3Buttons" -- allowing you to "chord" the buttons (press and hold the left button then click with the other).

I realize that this is different than Windows and Mac -- where you expect a menu option to be explicitly available for "Edit, Paste" -- but this follows the X principle of "providing mechanisms" rather than "dictating policy" (requiring that every application have an Edit menu with a Paste option would be a policy).

Personally I always preferred DESQview and DESQview/X's "Mark and Transfer" feature -- which was completely keyboard drive. It let me keep my hands on the keyboard and it allowed me to make interesting macros to automate the process. It was also nice because the application wasn't aware of the process -- if you could see text on your screen -- you could mark and transfer it.

However this sort of interface doesn't currently exist for Linux or XFree86 -- and I'm not enough of a programmer yet to bring it to you. So try "chording" directly into the text entry area of your TkDesk window after making your text selection. Remember -- you'll probably have to press on the left button first and hold it while clicking on the other button. If you try that in the other order it probably won't work (never does for me).

-- Jim

### File System Debugger

From: Steven Mercurio, stevenm@voicenet.com

What I want to do is take apart the CURRENT filing system down to the layout of the superblock. On an AIX by IBM machine we used a program called FSDB. I just want to try and get my hands on it and the filing system layout.

FSDB would probably be "filesystem debugger." The closest equivalent in Linux would probably be the debugfs command.

If you start this with a command like:

debugfs /dev/hda1

... it will provide you with a shell-like interface (similar to the traditional ftp client) which provides you about forty commands for viewing and altering links and inodes in your filesystem. You can also select the filesytem you wish to use after you've started the program.

From the man page: debugfs was written by Theodore Ts'o, tytso@mit.edu.

There is another program that might be of interest to you. It's called lde (Linux Disk Editor). This provides a nice ncurses (with optional color) interface to many of the same operations. You can find lde-2.3.tar.gz at any of the Sunsite mirrors.

There is yet another editor which is included with some versions of Red Hat (and probably other distributions) called ext2ed.

There are also FAQ's and HOWTO's on the ext2fs structure and internals available.

Hope that helps.

-- Jim

### IP Fragmentation attack description

From: Fabien Royer, fabien@magpage.com

Hi all !

> IP fragmentation is an old attack, used to send data to a port behind a packet filtering 'firewall'.

Now, wouldn't be possible to prevent an attack by packet fragmentation by simply adding a second router that would receive and recheck the packets reassembled by the first one ?

Regards, Fabien.

Most routers don't do reassembly and most packet filtering systems don't track connections. In these each packet is judged purely on its own merits.

There is a newer, more advanced class of packet filtering packages which do "stateful inspection."

These are currently mostly implemented in software on various sorts of Unix systems. From what I've heard these are largely experimental at this point.

For those that are curious there is a team working on a "stateful inspection module" for the Linux 2.x kernel. The "IP Masquerading" features that are built into this kernel (A.K.A. "Network Address Translation" or NAT) provide most of the support that's necessary to "stateful inspection."

Here's a couple of links (courtesy of the Computer: Security section of Yahoo, and Alta-Vista):

CYCON Labyrinth Firewall 1.4 Announcement http://www.cycon.com/press/announce.html CheckPoint FireWall-1 Brochure http://www.checkpoint.com/brochure/page6.html Network Address Translation http://www.oms.co.za/overview/node2.html Firewall Overview http://www.morningstar.com/secure-access/fw101.htm Freestone Firewall for Linux http://www.crpht.lu/CNS/html/PubServ/\ Security/Firewall/FW_Mail/07-16_freestone_SOS

(note: that last one is one long line).

(There is also a package called the Mazama Packet Filters for Unix/Linux -but I didn't see if it supports the "stateful" stuff).

I didn't find anything on stateful packet filtering under NT -- but Checkpoint's Firewall-1 (listed above) is available for NT -- and might support it.

-- Jim

###

Mail Server Problem

From: Panoy Tan

Hi,
First let me say that I enjoy Linux Journal very much and get a lot out of every issue, esp. 'Letters to the Editor'. If you have time to help me, I will be very glad and here is my trouble : My mail server run Linux Red Hat with kernel 2.0 and I use Netscape Mail (POP-user) to read my e-mails on the server. POP was designed to support "offline" mail processing, not "online" and "disconnected", therefor I have problem when I read my e-mails with different computers. That, I need, is my mails have to leave on the mail server, but whenever I delete one of my mails, which

This has become a recurring problem in the years since POP (post office protocol) was created.

You can configure most POP clients to keep your mail -- but then you'll be downloading a new copy of every message to each machine -- each time you connect.

Apparently (searching through Netscape's site) there is a hack to the POP3 protocol which would allow some of what you're looking for. This appears to be called UIDL: Here's what I read:

"The POP3 server does not support UIDL", Issue: 960626-31 Product: Navigator, Navigator Gold, Personal Edition, Created: 06/12/96

Unfortunately they didn't have any pointers to a POP server with UIDL support. A search at Yahoo! sent me straight to Alta Vista -- so a number of USENet and mailing list postings that referred to a variety of patches. I'll leave that as an exercise to the reader.

I have read, it will be delete from the server. I have heard that IMAP supports 'online' mail processing and that is reason to my questions :

I've heard similar rumors. The question I was trying to answer by looking at Netscape's site is whether they support the client side of IMAP. Here's some more background info:

IMAP (Internet Mail Access Protocol) is intended to be a more advanced mail service. The proposed standards are covered in RFC1730 through RFC1733 (which are conveniently consecutive) and RFC2060. You can search for RFC's at the ds.internic.net web site or use ftp.isi.edu.

RFC's are the documents which become the standards of the Internet. They start as "requests for comments" and are revised and into STD's (standards documents) and FYI's ("for your information" documents). In the anarchy that is the 'net -- these are the results of the "rough consensus and running code" that gets all of our systems chatting with one another.

I did a quick Yahoo search using the keywords IMAP and Linux and came up with the following:

> whatisIMAP? IMAP stands for Internet Message Access Protocol. It is a method of accessing electronic mail or bulletin board messages that are kept on a (possibly shared) mail server. In other words, it permits a "client" email program to access remote message stores as if they were local. For example, email stored on an IMAP server can be manipulated from a desktop computer at home, a workstation at the office, and a notebook computer while traveling, without the need to transfer messages or files back and forth between these computers.

> IMAP's ability to access messages (both new and saved) from more than one computer has become extremely important as reliance on electronic messaging and use of multiple computers increase, but this functionality cannot be taken for granted: the widely used Post Office Protocol (POP) works best when one has only a single computer, since it was designed to support "offline" message access, wherein messages are downloaded and then deleted from the mail server. This mode of access is not compatible with access from multiple computers since it tends to sprinkle messages across all of the computers used for mail access. Thus, unless all of those machines share a common file system, the offline mode of access that POP was designed to support

There is *much* more info at this site -- I only clipped the first two paragraphs.

Some related work is the ACAP (Application Configuration Access Protocol) and the IMSP (Internet Message Support Protocol) which are other drafts that are currently on the table at the IETF (www.ietf.org).

To quote another site that came up in my search:

> ACAP is a solution for the problem of client mobility on the internet. Almost all Internet applications currently store user preferences, options, server locations, and other personal data in local disk files. These leads to the unpleasant problems of users having to recreate configuration set-ups, subscription lists, addressbooks, bookmark files, folder storage locations, and so forth every time they change physical locations.

If you're getting confused -- don't worry -- we all are. I've been bumping into references to IMAP, and ACAP for a few months now. They are pretty new and intended to address issues that only recently grew up to be problems for enough people to notice them.

The short form is: IMAP is an advanced protocol for accessing individual headers and messages from a remote mail box. ACAP (which I guess replaces or is built over IMSP) provides access to more advanced configuration options to affect how IMAP (and potentially other remotely accessed applications) behave for a given account.

1) Is there any IMAP to Linux, esp. Red Hat ?

There is an IMAP server included with Linux some Linux distributions (Red Hat 3.03 or later I suspect). I'm not sure about the feature set -- and the man page on my Red Hat 3 system here is pretty sparse.

However the server is not the real problem here. What you really need is a client program that can talk to your IMAP server.

2) Where can I get it ?

The CMU (Carnegie-Mellon University) Cyrus IMAP project looks promising -- so I downloaded a copy of that as I typed this and looked up some of these other references.

It's about 400K and can be found somewhere at:

ftp://ftp.andrew.cmu.edu/

3) What must I be carefully when I install it ?

You must have a client that supports the IMAP features that you're actually looking for. It's possible to have a client that treats an IMAP server just like a POP3 server (fetchmail for example). It may be that Netscape's UIDL support is all you need for your purposes.

I didn't find any reference to IMAP anywhere on Netscape's site -- which suggests that they don't offer it yet. I'm blind copying a friend of mine that is a programmer for them -- and specifically one who worked (works?) on the code for the mail support in the Navigator. Maybe he'll tell me something about this (or maybe it's covered by his NDA).

I also looked at Eudora and Pegasus web pages and found no IMAP support for these either. It was a long shot since neither of these has a Linux port (so far as I know) -- and I doubt you want to run WABI to read all of your mail -- nor even DOSEmu to run the Pegasus for DOS.

pine seems to support IMAP. XF-Mail (a popular free X mail user agent) and Z-Mail (a popular commercial one) also seem to have some support. More info on IMAP clients is available at the IMAP Info Center (see below).

The most informative web sites I visited in my research for this question were:

Cyrus IMAP Server: Overview and Concepts http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/cyrus/cyrus-overview.html The IMAP Information Center http://www.imap.org/ Draft IMSP Specification http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/cyrus/rfc/imsp.html The ACAP Home Page http://andrew2.andrew.cmu.edu/cyrus/acap/ Client-server mail protocols FAQ http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/ \ usenet/mail/mailclient-faq/faq.html

The most active discussion about UIDL seems to have been on the mh-users mailing list. Archives can be found at: http://www.rosat.mpe-garching.mpg.de/mailing-lists/mh-users/

Thank you for your time to read my questions and hope to hear you soon.
Regards, Nga

It's a hobby. I really only had about 2 hours to spare on this research (and I took about three) -- and I don't have an environment handy to do any real testing.

As I said -- I've been bumping into references about IMAP and ACAP and wanted to learn more myself. At the last IETF conference (in San Jose) I had lunch with one of the sysadmins at CMU -- who talked a bit about it.

Sorry this article is so rambling and disorganized. I basically tossed it together as I searched. To paraphrase Blaise Pascal:

> This letter is so long because I lack the time to make it brief.

-- Jim

### Mail & Sendmail

From: Franaur P. Tan, noy@ayala.com.ph

Hi There,
I just read your article on Linux Gazette, got a lot of good tips on securing my Linuz machine, thanks. Like always, I have one bit of question I was hoping you could answer, I'd like to send mail from my Linux machine w/o installing sendmail, and I need this e-mail to be sent by a script initiated by crond.

Right now (w/ sendmail installed) I can do it with a "mail -s subject noy@ayala.com.ph < my_message". I'd really like to remove sendmail from my system.

Which article? I'm trying to submit at least one a month.

Well, you can use smail or qmail. These are replacements for sendmail.

I haven't installed either of these but I've fetched a copy of qmail and read a bit of the documentation. I might be implementing a system with that pretty soon.

However I'm not sure how much you gain this way. It's possible to configure 'sendmail' to send only so that it doesn't listen to incoming mail at all. This is most easily done by simply changing the line in your rc files that invokes sendmail (that would be /etc/rc.d/init.d/sendmail.init on a typical Red Hat or Caldera system). Just take the "-bd" off of that line like so:

    		/usr/lib/sendmail -bd -q1h

... would become:

    		/usr/lib/sendmail -q1h

... or

    		/usr/lib/sendmail -q15m

(changing the queue processing frequency from every hour to every 15 minutes).

You can also remove sendmail from memory entirely and use a cronjob to invoke it like:

    	00,30 * * * * root /usr/lib/sendmail -q

(to process the queue on the hour and at half past every hour).

If you concerns are about remote attacks through your smtpd service than any of these methods will be sufficient.

You should also double check your /etc/inetd.conf for the smtp service line. This is normally commented out since most hosts default to loading a sendmail daemon. It should stay that way.

If you are using fetchmail (and getting your mail via POP or IMAP) you either after to load some sort of smtp listener (such as sendmail, smail, or qmail) or you have to over-ride fetchmail's defaults with some command line options.

'fetchmail' defaults to a mode whereby it connects to the remote POP or IMAP server, and to the localhost's smtpd and relays the mail from one through the other. This allows for any aliases, .forwards, and procmail processing to work properly on the local system and it allows fetchmail to benefit from sendmail's queue handling (to make sure you have sufficient disk space etc).

However you can configure sendmail to run out of in inetd.conf with TCP Wrappers (the tcpd entry that appears on almost all of the other services in that file) and limit the listener to only accept connections from the local host.

You'd then configure your /etc/hosts.deny file to look something like:

    		ALL:ALL

... spr (default to not letting anyone access any local services) -- and you'd put something like:

    		ALL: localhost
    		in.telnetd: LOCAL
    		in.ftpd: LOCAL

... etc. in your /etc/hosts.allow

Finally you'd add something like:

    smtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd /usr/sbin/sendmail -bs

... to your /etc/inetd.conf.

(the -bs switch tells sendmail to "be" an "smtp" handler for one transaction. It handles one connection on stdin/stdout and exits).

All of this discussion assumes that you want to be able to use local mailers (like elm, and mailx) to send your mail and fetchmail to fetch it from a POP or IMAP server.

If your client is capable of it (like the mail reader in Netscape) you could configure it to use a remote smtpd gateway directly (it would make the connection to the remote host's smtp port and let it relay the mail from there). Then you'd have no sendmail, qmail, or smail anywhere on the system.

pine might be able to send directly via smtp (it does have an IMAP client so this would be a logical complement to that).

I hope all of this discussion gives you some ideas. As you can see there are lots of options.

-- Jim

### Mounted vfat filesystems

From: Steve Baker, ssbaker@mwr.is

I have 2 vfat filesystems mounted. They belong to root; is there any way to give normal users read/write access to these filesystems? chown has no effect on vfat directories and files.

    man 8 mount

I think this answer was a waste of bandwidth. Perhaps Andries didn't know this -- or perhaps he tried and the man page didn't make any sense.

In either event it doesn't do a thing for any of us (that didn't know the answer) and is an obvious and public slap in the face.

You could have at least added:

'look for gid= and umask= under options'

Me, I don't know these well enough so let me switch over to another VC, pull up the man page myself, and play with that a bit...

    	mount -t msdos -ogid=10,umask=007 /dev/hda1  /mnt/c

This command mounts a file system of type msdos (-t) with options (-o) that specify that all files are to be treated as being owned by gid 10 ('wheel' on my system) and that they should be have an effective umask of 007 (allowing members of group 'wheel' to read, write and execute anywhere on the partition. My C: drive is /dev/hda1 and I usually mount it under /mnt/c.

I tried specifying the gid by name -- no go. You have to look up the numeric in the /etc/group file. I tried different ownership and permissions on the underlying directory -- they are ignored.

This set of parameters does seem to work with vfat and umsdos mountings. Using the msdos or vfat at the time means that chmod and chown/chgrp commands dont' work on that fs. Using the -t umsdos allow me to change the ownership and permissions -- and the changes seem to be effective. However there are some oddities in what happens when you umount and remount the drive (the move of the write permission on files seems to stick but the ownership changes are lost and the owner/group r-x bits seem to "come back."

Obviously I haven't done much testing with this sort of thing. I usually don't write to my DOS partitions from in Linux. In fact I haven't see my DOS hard drive partition on this system in months (ever since I started compiling the msdos, vfat, and umsdos filesystems as modules -- so I don't automount them).

I hope that helps.

Personally I wish that the mount command would take some hints from the permissions of the directory that I'm mounting onto. I'm copying you two on this in the hopes that you'll share your thoughts on this idea.

What if the default for mount was to set the gid and umask of an msdos/vfat directory based on the ownership and permissions of the mount point. In other words I set up /mnt/c to look like:

    drwxrwx---   2 root     wheel        1024 Aug  5  1996 c

(which I have) and mount would look up the gid for wheel and use that and the umask for the mount options.

This strikes me as being a reasonably intuitive behaviour.

If it can't be the default how about an option like:

    		-o usemountperms

... (that particular example seems a little ugly -- but fairly self-explanatory).

-- Jim

### Re: Answer Guy - POP3 Email

From: Brent Austin, baustin@iamerica.net

In reading your answer in LG#14 on "Dealing with e-mail on a pop3 server", I have almost the same challenge. I have an ISP that is providing a 25 user POP3 Virtual Mail Server for 25 users. The problem is that each user must connect with the ISP individually and then to the mail server. I would like to find some method to allow Linux to connect with the Mail Server, individually poll each users account, and then transfer it into a POP3 server on the local network (possibly on the Linux box itself). Any suggestions??

If I understand you correctly you have a LAN at your place with about 25 users/accounts on it. You're provider has set up 25 separate POP3 mailboxes.

You'd like to set up your Linux (or other Unix) box to fetch the contents of all of these accounts (perhaps via a cron job) and to have it process your outgoing mail queue.

Then your users would fetch their mail from the Linux box (using their own Linux user agents or perhaps using Pegasus or Eudora under Windows or from Macs.

This is relatively straightforward (especially the POP3 part).

First get a copy of 'fetchmail' (I'm using 2.5 from ftp://sunsite.unc.edu). Build that.

Now, for each user, configure fetchmail using a .fetchmailrc file in their home directory

Each will have a line that looks like:

    poll $HOST.YOURISP.COM proto pop3 user $HISACCT password $HISPASS

The parts of the form $ALLCAPS you replace with the name of the pop server, the account holder's name and the account holder's password. (I presume that you, as the admin for this Unix box, are already entrusted with the passwords for these e-mail accounts -- since the admin of any Unix box can read any of the mail flowing through it anyway).

Now set up a script run as root that does something like:

    	##! do mail psuedo-code
    	pppup (some script that brings up your PPP link)
    	for users in $USERLIST do;
    		[ -e ~$user/.fetchmailrc] && \
    			su -c $user /usr/local/bin/fetchmail
    		done;
    	/usr/lib/sendmail -q
    	pppdown

You can add a section of code that graps the list of users from your /etc/group file (if you're writing this in perl use the getgrent function (to get group entries) or you can use something like:

    	awk -F":" '/'$GROUPNAME\
    		'/ {split($4,users, ",");
    		for (a in users) {print users[a]}; exit}' /etc/group

To get the list of users in a form suitable for use in your 'for' loop.

Naturally my psuedo-code is closer to bash' syntax.

This script (the psuedo-code one) will just bring the ppplink up, for each user in the list (perhaps from a group named "popusers") it will check for a .fetchmailrc file in their home directory and run fetchmail for those that have one. It will then call sendmail to process your outgoing queue and bring the ppplink down.

(Note: the su -c ... part of this is not secure and there are probably some exploits that could be perpetrated by anyone with write access to any of those .fetchmailrc's. However it's probably reasonably robust -- and you could set these files to be immutable (chattr +i) and you can write a more secure SUID perl script to actually execute fetchmail. My scripts, pppup and pppdown are SUID perl scripts.

I haven't written this as real code and tested it since I don't have a need of it myself. I recommend that disconnected networks avoid using POP/SMTP for their mail feed. UUCP has been solving the problems of dialup mail delivery for 25 years and doesn't involve some of the overhead and kludges necessary to do SMTP for intermittently connected systems.

I do recommend POP/SMTP within the organization and and it's absolutely necessary for the providers.

Anyway -- fetchmail will then have put each user's mail into his or here local spool file (and processed it through any procmail scripts that they might have set up).

Now each of your users can use any method they prefer (or that you dictate) to access their mail. DOS/Windows and Mac users can use Pegasus or Eudora, Linux or other Unix users can use fetchmail (or any of several other popclient, getpop, etc, other programs) to get the messages delivered to their workstation, or anyone in the organization can use telnet into the mailhost and user elm, pine, the old UCB mail, the RAND MH system or whatever.

All of these clients point their POP and mail clients to your mailhost. Your host then acts as their spool. This is likely to result in fewer calls to your ISP and more efficient mail handling all around.

You may want to ask your ISP -- or look around -- for UUCP providers. On of the big benefits to this is that you gain complete control of mail addressing within your domain. Typical UUCP rates go for about $50/mo for a low volume account and about $100/mo for anything over 100Mb per month. However it's still possible to find bargains.

(Another nice thing about UUCP is that you can choose specific sites, with which you exchange a lot of mail, and configure your mail to be exchanged directly with them -- if they have the technical know-how at their end or are willing to let you do it for them. This can be done via direct dialup or over TCP connections).

uu.net is the Cadillac of UUCP providers (which is a bit pricey for me -- I use a small local provider who gives me a suite of UUCP, PPP, shell, virtual hosting, virtual ftp, and other services -- and is of little interest to you unless you're in the Bay Area).

You can also find information on Yahoo! using a search for "uucp providers" (duh!). I also seem to recall that win.net used to provide reasonable UUCP (and other) services.

Hope this helps. If you need more specific help in writing these scripts you may want to consider paying a consultant. It should be less than three hours work for anyone whose qualified to do it (and not including the configuration of all your local clients).

-- Jim

### Pseudo Terminal Device Questions

From: Jeong Sung Won

Hello ?
My name is Jeong Sung Won. May I ask you a question ? I'll make a program that uses PSEUDO TERMINAL DEVICE.

No need to shout -- I've heard of them. They're commonly called pty's -- used by 'telnetd', 'expect', 'typescript', and emacs' 'M-x shell' command -- among others.

But linux has 8 bit MINOR NUMBER, so that total number of pseudo terminal device DOESN'T OVERCOME 256.

That does seem to be true -- but it is a rather obscure detail about he kernel's internals.

Linus' work on the 64-bit Alpha port may change this.

Is there any possible way to OVERCOME THIS LIMITS ?

Only two that I can think of. Both would involve patching the kernel.

You might be able to instantiate multiple major devices -- which implement that same semantics as major device number 4 (the current driver for the virtual consoles and all of the pty's).

I'm frankly not enough of a kernel hacker to tell you how to do this or what sorts of problems it would raise.

The other would involve a major overhaul of the kernel code and all the code that depends on it.

For example,on HP9000, minor number is 24 bit, and actually I used concurrently 800 pseudo terminal device. And more than 1000 is also possible.

I wonder what it is on RS/6000, DEC OSF/1, and Sun/Solaris.

On Linux, is it impossible to make it, let me know the way I counld tell LINUS that upgrade minor number scheme from 8-bit to 16-bit or more-bit is needed.

Linus Torvald's e-mail address has been included with every copy of the sources ever distributed.

However it is much better to post a message to the comp.os.linux.development.system newsgroup than directly to him (or any of other developer).

As for "telling LINUS [to] upgrade" -- while it would probably be reasonably well recieved as a suggestion -- I'm not sure that "telling" him what to do is appropriate.

It's easy to forget that Linus has done all of his work on the Linux kernel for free. I'm not sure but I imagine that the work he puts in just dealing with all the people involved with Linux is more time consuming and difficult than the actual coding.

As many of the people who are active in the Linux community are aware Linus has been very busy recently. He's accepted a position with a small startup and will be moving to the San Francisco Bay Area (Silicon Valley, actually) -- and he and Tove have just had a baby girl.

I will personally understand if these events keep him from being as active with Linux as he as been for the last few years.

-- Jim

### root login Bug in Linux

From: Shevek, ma6ybm@bath.ac.uk

Has anybody else found a root login bug evident on my system.

The root password is an 8 character random series. For going live online I updated the root password to a 16 character random series. I can log in with the 16 character series, but also using the first eight and any random characters after that, or just the first eight. This creates an infinite number of root passwords and worries me more than a little.

About Unix Passwords and Security

This is a documented and well known limitation of conventional Unix login and authentication.

You can overcome this limit if you upgrade to the shadow password suite (replace all authenticating programs with the corresponding shadow equivalents) and enable the MD5 option (as opposed to the traditional DES hash).

Note -- there is probably an "infinite" number of valid passwords to either of these schemes. The password entry on your system is not encrypted. That is a common misconception. What is stored on your system is a "hash" (a complex sort of checksum).

Specifically the traditional Unix DES hash uses your password as the key to encrypt a string of nulls. DES is a one-way algorithm -- so there is no known *efficient* way to reclaim the key even if one has copies of the plaintext and the ciphertext.

'Crack' and it's brethren find passwords by trying dictionaries of words and common word variations (reverse, replace certain letters with visually similar numerics, various abbreviations, prepending/appending one or two digits, etc) -- and using the crypt() function (or an equivalent) on a string of nul's to find matches. This isn't particularly "efficient" -- but it is several orders of magnitude better than an exhaustive brute force attack.

The only two defenses against 'Crack' are:

1. Don't let anyone have copies of the password hashes (which is why the shadow suite puts those in a separate file -- that is only readable by SUID or SGID programs, and not normal users)
2. Don't allow users to use words, names, or simple variations of words as their passwords. This is don't by installing npasswd or passwd+ (replacements for the stock passwd program).

Use both of these strategies on all mult-user systems. That way, if someone exploits some newly discovered bug to get a copy of the shadow file, he is less likely to get any good passwords (since that will entail a password that is more clever than your npasswd rules and less clever than your attackers custom 'crack' dictionaries).

It is possible that two different passwords (keys) will result in the same hashed value (I don't know if there are any examples with DES 56 bit within the domain of all ASCII sequence up to eight characters -- but it is possible).

Using MD5 allows you to have passwords as long as you like. Again -- it is possible (quite likely, in fact) that a number of different inputs will hash to the same value. Probably you would be looking at strings of incomprehensible ASCII that were several thousand bytes long before you found any collisions.

Considering that the best supercomputers and parallel computer clusters that are even suspected to exist take days or weeks to exhaustively brute force a single DES hash (with a max of only 8 characters and only a 56-bit key) -- it is unlikely that anyone will manage to find one of the "other" valid keys for any well chosen password without expending far more energy and computing time than most of our systems are worth. (Even in these days of cheap PC's -- computer time is a commodity with a pricetag).

There other ways to get long password support on your system. However the only reasonable one is to use the shadow suite compiled with the MD5 option. This is the way that FreeBSD (and it's derivatives) are installed by default -- so the code and systems have been reasonably well tested.

In fact -- if security and robustness are more important to you than other features you may want to consider FreeBSD or (or NetBSD, or OpenBSD) as an alternative. These are freely distributed Unix implementations which have been around as long as Linux. Obviously they have a much smaller user base. However each has a tightly knit group of developers and a devoted following which provides or an extremely robust and well-tested system.

As much as I like Linux -- I often recommend FreeBSD for dedicated web and ftp servers. Linux is better suited to the desktop and to use with exotic hardware -- or in situations where the machine needs to interact with Netware, NT and other types of systems. [Oh, Oh! Here come the fireballs!]

FreeBSD has a much more conservative set of features (no gpm support for one example -- IP packet filtering is a separate package in FreeBSD while it's built into the Linux kernel).

Another consideration is the local expertise. Linux and FreeBSD are both extremely similar in most respects (as they both are to most other Unix implementations). In some ways they are more similar to one another than either is to any non-PC Unix. However the little administrative difference might very well drive your sysadmin crazy. Particularly if he has a bunch of Linux machines and is used to them -- and you specify one or two FreeBSD systems for your "DMZ" (Internet exposed LAN segment).

Back to your original question:

You said that you are using a "random" string of characters for your password. In terms of cryptography and security you should be quite careful of that word: "random"

Several cryptographically strong systems have been compromised over the years by attacking the randomizer that were used to generate keys. A perfect example of this is the hack of SSL by a student in France (which was published last spring). He cracked a Netscape challenge and got a prize from them for the work (and Netscape implemented a better random seed generation algorithm).

In the context of creating "strong" passwords (ones that won't be tested by the best crack dictionaries out there) you don't need to go completely overboard. However -- if a specific attacker knows a little bit about how you generate your random keys -- he or she can generate a special dictionary tailored for that method.

Kernel linux 2.0.20 System P90, 8Mb, IDE, SCSI (not working fully), cd, sound, etc. root hda2, about 20 user entries in passwd.

Next bug: Two users with consecutive login entries. Both simply information logins, never to be logged in to, just for fingering to for status information. If you finger the second, OK. But if you finger the first, it fingers both. UID numbers 25 and 26. If I comment 26, but have a third login on UID 27 then it is OK. I have tried unassigning the groups and reassigning them. They both have real home directories, shell is dev/null, and are in a group called 'private' on their own. There are no groups by the same name as the login.

This sounds very odd. I would want to look at the exact passwd entries (less the password hashes) and to know alot about the specific implementation of 'finger' that you were using (is it the GNU cfingerd?).

I would suggest that you look at the GNU cfingerd. I think it's possible to configure it to do respond to "virtual" finger requests (i.e. you can configure cfingerd to respond to specific finger requests by return specific files and program outputs without having any such accounts on your system). This is probably safer and easier than having a couple of non-user psuedo accounts and using the traditional finger daemon. (In additional the older fingerd is notoriously insecure and overflows of it was one of the exploits used by the "Morris Internet Worm" almost a decade ago).

Given the concerns I would seriously consider running a finger daemon in a chroot'd jail. Personally I disable this and most other services in the /etc/inetd.conf when ever I set up a new system.

When I perform RASA (risk assessment and security auditing) /etc/inetd.conf is the second file I look at (after looking for a /etc/README file -- which no one but me ever keeps; and inspecting the /etc/passwd file).

-- Jim

### Sendmail-8.8.4 and Linux

From: Brent Austin, baustin@iAmerica.net

After setting up fetchmail and the PPP link to my ISP, everything has worked perfectly retrieving mail from the POP3 account.

Now, I've stumbled on another problem I require some help with. Compiling and Installing Sendmail-8.8.4 (or 8.8.5). I downloaded the 8.8.4 source from sunsite and set it up in the /usr/src directory and using the O'Reilly "Sendmail" book as my guide, I modified the Makefile.Linux for no DNS support by setting ENVDEF = -DNAMED_BIND=0. And removing Berkeley DB support (removing -DNEWDB). After compiling and executing ./sendmail -d0.1 -bt < /dev/null in the obj dir, I receive the following:

    Version 8.8.4
     Compiled with: LOG MATCHGECOS MIME7TO8 MIME8TO7 NDBM NETINET NETUNIX
    		QUEUE SCANF SMTP XDEBUG

and the program hangs at this point. I am running Linux.2.0.29 on a 486DX40 with 8 megs. My gcc is version 2.7.0.

Any hints you could provide are greatly appreciated!,

I fetched a copy of 8.8.5 and used the .../src/makesendmail script -- and only encountered the problems with NEWDB Removing that seemed to work just fine.

I noticed you said -- .../src/obj -- did you mean something like: .../src/obj/obj.Linux.2.0.27.i386/

If you properly used the makesendmail script then the resulting .o and binaries should have landed in a directory such as that.

Other than that I don't know.

I don't disable the DNS stuff -- despite the fact that my sendmail almost all done via uucp.

As for using this with fetchmail -- I have my sendmail configured in /etc/inetd.conf like so:

    # do not uncomment smtp unless you *really* know what you are doing.
    # smtp is handled by the sendmail daemon now, not smtpd.  It does NOT
    # run from here, it is started at boot time from /etc/rc.d/rc#.d.
    ## jtd:  But I *really do* know what I'm doing.
    ## jtd: I want fetchmail to handle mail transparently and I
    ## jtd want tcpd to enforce the local only restriction
    smtp    stream  tcp     nowait  root    /usr/sbin/tcpd  /usr/local\
    		/sbin/sendmail -bs

(note -- the line back is for this mail only -- remove it before attempting to use this line. Also note the -bs "be an smtp handler on stdin/stdout")

This arrangement allows me to fetchmail, lets fetchmail transparently talk to sendmail, and keeps the rest of the world from testing their latest remote sendmail exploit on me while my ppp link is up (I wouldn't recommend this for high volume mail server!).

Naturally I also have a cron job like this:

    ## Call sendmail -q every half hour
    00,30 * * * * root /usr/lib/sendmail -q

(which processes any mail that elm, pine, mh-e or any other mailers have left in the local queue -- awaiting their trip through uucp's rmail out to the rest of the world).

If you continue to have trouble compiling sendmail then you may want to just rely on the RPM updates. Compiling it can be tricky, so I avoid doing it unless I see a bugtraq or CERT advisory with the phrase "remotely exploitable" in it.

Re: O'Reilly's "bat" book. Do you have the 2nd Edition? If not -- get it (and ask them about their "upgrade" pricing/discount if that's still available)

-- Jim

### wu-ftpd Problems

From: Ed Stone, estone@synernet.com

On BSDI, I've read ALL of the doc for wu-ftpd, and have ftp logins limited to the chroot dir, but still have these problems: 1) I cannot force ftp only. The guestgroup "guests" can telnet, and go everywhere. I've put /bin/true in /etc/shells; I've edited passwd and master.passwd for that; no effect

Usually I set their passwd to /bin/false or /usr/bin/passwd. I make sure that I use the path filter alias to prevent uploads of .rhosts and .forward files into their home directory under the chroot and I put entries like:

    		/home/.ftp/./home/fred

... for their home directory field in the (true-root)/etc/passwd file.

Also make sure that you have the -a switch on the ftpd (or in.ftpd) line in your inetd.conf. The -a tells ftpd to use the /etc/ftpaccess file (or /usr/local/etc/ftpaccess -- depending on how you compiled it).

Personally I also configure each "ftponly" account into the sendmail aliases file -- to insure that mail gets properly bounced. I either set it to the user's "real" e-mail address (anywhere *off* of that machine) or I set it to point at nobody's procmail script (which autoresponds to it).

2) "guests" ftp to the proper directory, but get no listing. I have set up executable of ls in the ftp chroot dir in /bin there; no effect.

How do you know that they are in the proper directory? What happens if you use a chroot (8) command to go to that dir and try it? Is this 'ls' statically linked? Do you have a /dev/zero set up under your (chroot)/?

Most common cause of this situation is a incomplete (chroot) environment -- usually missing libraries or missing device nodes.

-- Jim

#### Previous "Answer Guy" Columns

Answer Guy #1, January 1997
Answer Guy #2, February 1997

##### Copyright © 1997, James T. Dennis
Published in Issue 15 of the Linux Gazette March 1997