/* This is the ``Mersenne Twister'' random number generator MT19937, which
generates pseudorandom integers uniformly distributed in 0..(2^32 - 1)
starting from any odd seed in 0..(2^32 - 1).  This version is a recode by
Shawn Cokus (Cokus@math.washington.edu) on March 8, 1998 of a version by
Takuji Nishimura (who had suggestions from Topher Cooper and Marc Rieffel in
July-August 1997).

Effectiveness of the recoding (on Goedel2.math.washington.edu, a DEC Alpha
running OSF/1) using GCC -O3 as a compiler: before recoding: 51.6 sec. to
generate 300 million random numbers; after recoding: 24.0 sec. for the same
(i.e., 46.5% of original time), so speed is now about 12.5 million random
number generations per second on this machine.

According to the URL <http://www.math.keio.ac.jp/~matumoto/emt.html> (and
paraphrasing a bit in places), the Mersenne Twister is ``designed with
consideration of the flaws of various existing generators,'' has a period of
2^19937 - 1, gives a sequence that is 623-dimensionally equidistributed, and
``has passed many stringent tests, including the die-hard test of G.
Marsaglia and the load test of P. Hellekalek and S. Wegenkittl.'' It is
efficient in memory usage (typically using 2506 to 5012 bytes of static
data, depending on data type sizes, and the code is quite short as well).
It generates random numbers in batches of 624 at a time, so the caching and
pipelining of modern systems is exploited.  It is also divide- and mod-free.

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU Library General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation (either version 2 of the License or, at your
option, any later version).  This library is distributed in the hope that it
will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, without even the implied warranty
of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Library
General Public License for more details.  You should have received a copy of
the GNU Library General Public License along with this library; if not,
write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.

The code as Shawn received it included the following notice:

  Copyright (C) 1997 Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura.  When you use
  this, send an e-mail to <matumoto@math.keio.ac.jp> with an appropriate
  reference to your work.

It would be nice to CC: <Cokus@math.washington.edu> when you write. */

/* uint32 must be an unsigned integer type capable of holding at least 32
bits; exactly 32 should be fastest, but 64 is better on an Alpha with GCC at
-O3 optimization so try your options and see what's best for you. */

typedef unsigned long uint32;

#define N             (624)                /* length of state vector */
#define M             (397)                /* a period parameter */
#define L             (N-M+1)
#define K1            (0x9908B0DFU)        /* magic constants */
#define K2            (0x9D2C5680U)
#define K3            (0xEFC60000U)
#define hiBit(u)      ((u) & 0x80000000U)  /* mask all but highest   bit of u */
#define loBit(u)      ((u) & 0x00000001U)  /* mask all but lowest    bit of u */
#define loBits(u)     ((u) & 0x7FFFFFFFU)  /* mask     the highest   bit of u */
#define mixBits(u, v) (hiBit(u)|loBits(v)) /* move hi bit of u to hi bit of v */

static uint32 state[N+1];   /* state vector + 1 extra to not violate ANSI C */
static uint32 *next;        /* next random value is computed from here */
static int left = -1;       /* can *next++ this many times before reloading */

/* We initialize state[0..(N-1)] via the generator

  x_new = (69069 * x_old) mod 2^32

from Line 15 of Table 1, p. 106, Sec. 3.3.4 of Knuth's
_The Art of Computer Programming_, Volume 2, 3rd ed.

Notes (SJC): I do not know what the initial state requirements
of the Mersenne Twister are, but it seems this seeding generator
could be better.  It achieves the maximum period for its modulus
(2^30) iff x_initial is odd (p. 20-21, Sec. 3.2.1.2, Knuth); if
x_initial can be even, you have sequences like 0, 0, 0, ...;
2^31, 2^31, 2^31, ...; 2^30, 2^30, 2^30, ...; 2^29, 2^29 + 2^31,
2^29, 2^29 + 2^31, ..., etc. so I force seed to be odd below.

Even if x_initial is odd, if x_initial is 1 mod 4 then

  the          lowest bit of x is always 1,
  the  next-to-lowest bit of x is always 0,
  the 2nd-from-lowest bit of x alternates      ... 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ...,
  the 3rd-from-lowest bit of x 4-cycles        ... 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 ...,
  the 4th-from-lowest bit of x has the 8-cycle ... 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 ...,
  ...

and if x_initial is 3 mod 4 then

  the          lowest bit of x is always 1,
  the  next-to-lowest bit of x is always 1,
  the 2nd-from-lowest bit of x alternates      ... 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ...,
  the 3rd-from-lowest bit of x 4-cycles        ... 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 ...,
  the 4th-from-lowest bit of x has the 8-cycle ... 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 ...,
  ...

The generator's potency (min. s>=0 with (69069-1)^s = 0 mod 2^32) is
16, which seems to be alright by p. 25, Sec. 3.2.1.3 of Knuth.  It
also does well in the dimension 2..5 spectral tests, but it could be
better in dimension 6 (Line 15, Table 1, p. 106, Sec. 3.3.4, Knuth).

Note that the random number user does not see the values generated
here directly since reloadMT() will always munge them first, so maybe
none of all of this matters.  In fact, the seed values made here could
even be extra-special desirable if the Mersenne Twister theory says
so-- that's why the only change I made is to restrict to odd seeds. */

void seedMT(uint32 seed)
{
    register uint32 x = (seed | 1U) & 0xFFFFFFFFU, *s = state;
    register int j;

    left = 0;
    for (*s++ = x, j = N; --j; *s++ = (x *= 69069U) & 0xFFFFFFFFU) {
    }
}

static uint32 reloadMT(void)
{
    register uint32 *p0 = state, *p2 = state + 2, *pM = state + M, s0, s1;
    register int j;

    left = N - 1;
    next = state + 1;

    for (s0 = state[0], s1 = state[1], j = L; --j; s0 = s1, s1 = *p2++) {
        *p0++ = *pM++ ^ (mixBits(s0, s1) >> 1) ^ (loBit(s1) ? K1 : 0U);
    }
    for (pM = state, j = M; --j; s0 = s1, s1 = *p2++) {
        *p0++ = *pM++ ^ (mixBits(s0, s1) >> 1) ^ (loBit(s1) ? K1 : 0U);
    }
    s1 = state[0];
    *p0 = *pM ^ (mixBits(s0, s1) >> 1) ^ (loBit(s1) ? K1 : 0U);

    s1 ^= (s1 >> 11);
    s1 ^= (s1 <<  7) & K2;
    s1 ^= (s1 << 15) & K3;
    return (s1 ^ (s1 >> 18));
}

uint32 randomMT(void)
{
    uint32 y;

    if (--left < 0) {
        return (reloadMT());
    }
    y  = *next++;
    y ^= (y >> 11);
    y ^= (y <<  7) & K2;
    y ^= (y << 15) & K3;
    return (y ^ (y >> 18));
}
